2020-10-10
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Written English, like spoken English, may be formal or informal.
The main features of academic writing are as follows:
· it is formal in an impersonal or objective style (often using impersonal pronouns and phrases and passive verb forms);
· the cautious language is frequently used in reporting research and making claims;
· the vocabulary appropriate for particular academic contexts is used (this may involve specialist or technical words);
· the structure of the writing will vary according to the particular type (genre), for example, essay, report, thesis, etc.
In addition, academic writing often contains references to other writers' publications, sometimes including quotations.
(From: Jordan, R. R. (1999). Academic writing course: Study skills in English (3rd ed.). Harlow, MA: Pearson Education. P.91)
Academic writing follows a standard organizational pattern.
For academic essays and papers, there is an introduction, body, and conclusion.
Each paragraph logically leads to the next one:
· The introduction catches the readers’ attention, provides background information, and lets the reader know what to expect. It also has the thesis statement.
· The body paragraphs support the thesis statement. Each body paragraph has one main point to support the thesis, which is named in a topic sentence. Each point is then supported in the paragraph with logical reasoning and evidence. Each sentence connects to the one before and after it. The readers do not have to work to find the connection between ideas.
· The conclusion summarizes the paper’s thesis and main points and shows the reader the significance of the paper’s findings.
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(From: Ann Whitaker (2010). Academic Writing Guide. City University of Seattle. P.3)
Ex. 1.15. Compare these two explanations or definitions of economics. Which of them is formal or informal? What are the main differences?
1) Economics? Yes, well,... economics is, I suppose, about people trying to... let me see... match things that’re scarce, you know, with things they want,... oh, yes, and how these efforts have an effect on each other... through exchange, I suppose.
2) Economics is the social science that studies how people attempt to accommodate scarcity to their wants and how these attempts interact through exchange.
(From: Jordan, R. R. (1999). Academic writing course: Study skills in English (3rd ed.). Harlow, MA: Pearson Education. P.91)
Ex. 1.16. Put the following sentences in the correct order (from 1 to 6). Give the reasons of your structuring according to the above-mentioned tips on academic writing.
| № ___ | First, the wholesaler will purchase the product, and with the use of transportation, the goods will be made available to the stores. |
| № ___ | Commerce includes all the activities that help in facilitating the exchange of goods and services from the manufacturer or the producer to the ultimate consumers. |
| № ___ | In short, it can be said that commerce is the branch of business that helps to overcome all the hindrances that arise in the facilitation of exchange. |
| № ___ | Its major function is to satisfy human wants both basic and secondary by making the goods available to different parts of the country. |
| № ___ | Once the products are manufactured these cannot reach directly to the customer, the same has to pass through a series of activities. |
| № ___ | The retailer will then sell to the ultimate consumer. |
Ex. 1.17. Write an essay using the following notes.
Key Differences between Trade and Commerce
Following are the major differences between trade and commerce:
1. Trade is selling and buying of products and services between two or more parties in the attention of cash and cash equivalents. Commerce....
2. Trade have needed more capital because the stock has to be kept ready that is the subtitle to the sale, and also the cash has to be kept ready for the urgent payment. Whereas in commerce the capital needed is less....
3. Trade represents.... Although in commerce only the demand side is common, i.e., what is demanded in the trade and then making that available through various channels of distribution.
4. Trade provides..., the commerce provides a link between the producer and the final customer, who are not linear parties, with the help of several advisers of distribution.
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5. The trade requires two parties the seller and the buyer who ease the exchange without employing anyone in between. On the other hand, in commerce....
6. Trade is generally a single time agreement between the parties that may or may not revert. Whereas in commerce,....
7. Trade is..., whereas the commerce is more economical because of the involvement of several parties whose primary objective is to generate the revenue.
8. Trade is..., whereas commerce is an expanded term that includes exchange as well as the several revenues generating activities that complete the exchange.
Therefore, it can be inferred that trade is.... Thus, we can say commerce is....
| UNIT 2 |
| DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS |
Ex. 2.1. Study the following terms: distribution, intermediary, marketing, merchandising, middleman, retail outlets, retailer, wholesaler. If necessary, check their definitions in the dictionary.
Ex. 2.2. Read and translate the following texts:
DISTRIBUTION
Distribution means the process by which we make the goods or the service available to the end consumer. Generally, the place of production is not the same as the place of consumption.
So, the goods have to be distributed to overcome the barrier of place. Now the distribution of the products can be done by the organization itself, which is direct distribution. Or, it can hire intermediaries and form indirect distribution.
Intermediaries are the middlemen that ensure smooth and effective distribution of goods over your chosen geographical market. Middlemen are a very important factor in the distribution process.
These are the types of middlemen we usually find.
1] Agents
Agents are middlemen who represent the produces to the customer. They are merely an extension of the company but the company is generally bound by the actions of its agents. One thing to keep in mind, the ownership of the goods do not pass to the agent. They only work on fees and commissions.
2] Wholesalers
Wholesalers buy the goods from the producers directly. One important characteristic of wholesalers is that they buy in bulk at a lower rate than retail price. They store and warehouse huge quantities of the products and sell them to other intermediaries in smaller quantities for a profit.
Wholesalers generally do not sell to the end consumer directly. They sell to other middlemen like retailers or distributors.
3] Distributors
Distributors are similar to wholesalers in their function. Except they have a contract to carry goods from only one producer or company. They do not stock a variety of products from various brands. They are under contract to deal in particular products of only one parent company
4] Retailers
Retailers are basically shop owners. Whether it is your local grocery store or the mall in your area, they are all retailers. The only difference is in their sizes. Retailers will procure the goods from wholesaler or distributors and sell it to the final consumers. They will sell these products at a profit margin to their customers.
In the reality of the market, all producers rely on the distribution to channel to some extent. Even those who sell directly may rely on at least one of the above intermediary for any purpose. Hence, the distribution channel is of paramount importance in our economy.
(From: https://www.toppr.com/guides/business-studies/marketing/distribution/)
Ex. 2.3. Fill in the gaps with “D” (Direct) or “I” (Indirect):
A company’s ability to sell its products depends heavily on its method of distribution.
The __1__ distribution helps the company to reduce its cost of distribution. The __2__ distribution requires a commitment of a lot of resources and time. Using the __3__ distribution channel will help you widen your customer reach. You can cover a far greater geographical area with the __4__ distribution, and hence pull in a lot more customers. In a large market, the __5__ distribution may not be a perfect choice. Also, if the markets are scattered, __6__ channel will be more suitable. In a slow economy or depression the __7__ distribution is preferable.
