Stages of Writing Essays

1) First, the topic, subject or question should be thought about carefully: what is required in the essay should be understood.

2) Then a note should be made of ideas, perhaps from knowledge or experience.

3) After this, any books, journals, etc., should be noted that have been recommended, perhaps from a reading list or a bibliography. Then to the list should be added any other books, articles, etc. that are discovered while the recommended books are being found. Now is the time for the books, chapters, articles, etc. to be read, with a purpose, by appropriate questions being asked that are related to the essay topic or title.

4) Clear notes should be written from the reading. In addition, a record of the sources should be kept so that a bibliography or list of references can be compiled at the end of the essay. Any quotations should be accurately acknowledged: author's surname and initials, year of publication, edition, publisher, place of publication, and page numbers of quotations.

5) When the notes have been finished they should be looked through in order for an overview of the subject to be obtained.

6) Then the content of the essay should be decided on and how it is to be organized or planned.

7) The material should be carefully selected: there may be too much and some may not be very relevant to the question. The material, or ideas, should be divided into three main sections for the essay: the introduction, the main body, and the conclusion.

8) An outline of the essay should be written, with use being made of headings or sub­headings, if they are appropriate. The first draft should be written in a suitably formal or academic style. While doing this, the use of colloquial expressions and personal references should be avoided.

9) When it has been completed, the draft should be read critically, and in particular, the organization, cohesion, and language should be checked. Several questions should be asked about it, for example: Is it clear? Is it concise? Is it comprehensive? Then the draft should be revised and the final draft written - legibly! It should be remembered that first impressions are important.

10) Finally, the bibliography should be compiled, using the conventional format: the references should be in strict alphabetical order. Then the bibliography should be added to the end of the essay.

 

(From: Jordan, R. R. (1999). Academic writing course: Study skills in English (3^rd ed.). Harlow, MA: Pearson Education. P.22-24)

 

Ex. 4.18. Study the bar charts of an international survey below and make a summary of people’s answers to the question asked.

( From: www.pwc.com/2017totalretail)

Ex. 4.19. Read the following information about Internet retailing and study the graph. Then write a short report on Internet retailing in EU. Give your reasons to explain the differences of retailing in European countries.

Internet retailing is more popular in the UK than in any other EU country.nIn the UK 82% of residents made at least one online purchase in 2017, similar to the proportion in Sweden, Demark, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. In Germany, 75% of residents made online purchases in 2017. The figure for Ireland is 53%, below the EU-28 average of 27%. The figure for Romania is 16%, the lowest in the EU-28.

 

 

(From: Chris Rh (2018). Retail sector in the UK. http://www.parliament.uk/commons-library)

Ex. 4.20. Write an essay on one of the following topics:

1. What electronic commerce is and how it has evolved.

2. The international nature of electronic commerce and the challenges that arise in engaging in electronic commerce on a global scale.

3. What types of business processes are well suited to electronic commerce?

4. Describe the three categories of electronic commerce that are most commonly used.

5. Choose two successful online businesses, whose revenue are not based on advertising, and describe each of them.

6. Choose two or more businesses, which started e-commerce activities in the late 1990s, and are successful nowadays.

7. Advantages and disadvantages of electronic commerce.

UNIT 5

MANAGEMENT STYLES AND QUALITIES

 

Ex. 5.1. Define the following terms: empowerment, liaison, coaching, guidance, flare, retail, feedback, initiative, leadership, objective, authority. If necessary, check their definitions in the dictionary.