2020-10-10
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1. Watch the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlgbwGHF8GQ and name the reasons for the failure of top 10 brands.
2. Starting your own business vs working for a large company: what are the differences?
3. Think of an example of a small business that failed (perhaps from personal experience, or the experience of friends/family/ colleagues, etc). Tell the group about the business and why it failed. Could it have failed?
4. Work with a colleague:
-You have each inherited €0.5m from rich aunts (€1m total) and now want to start a business together. Decide what your business will be.
- Use your business plan to prepare a short presentation to the rest of the group. You will explain your business plan to them. You don't have to cover every issue in the mind map.
- Give your presentation and ask for questions at the end.
Ex. 7.12. Read and translate the text about mergers and acquisitions.
What is Mergers & Acquisitions? Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are defined as consolidation of companies. Differentiating the two terms, Mergers is the combination of two companies to form one, while Acquisitions is one company taken over by the other. M&A is one of the major aspects of corporate finance world. The reasoning behind M&A generally given is that two separate companies together create more value compared to being on an individual stand. With the objective of wealth maximization, companies keep evaluating different opportunities through the route of merger or acquisition.
Mergers & Acquisitions can take place:
• by purchasing assets;
• by purchasing common shares;
• by exchange of shares for assets;
• by exchanging shares for shares.
Types of Mergers and Acquisitions. Merger or amalgamation may take two forms: merger through absorption or merger through consolidation. Mergers can also be classified into three types from an economic perspective depending on the business combinations, whether in the same industry or not, into horizontal (two firms are in the same industry), vertical (at different production stages or value chain) and conglomerate (unrelated industries). From a legal perspective, there are different types of mergers like short form merger, statutory merger, subsidiary merger and merger of equals.
Reasons for Mergers and Acquisitions:
• Financial synergy for lower cost of capital
• Improving company’s performance and accelerate growth
• Economies of scale
• Diversification for higher growth products or markets
• To increase market share and positioning giving broader market access
• Strategic realignment and technological change
• Tax considerations
• Undervalued target
• Diversification of risk
Principle behind any M&A is 2+2=5
There is always synergy value created by the joining or merger of two companies. The synergy value can be seen either through the Revenues (higher revenues), Expenses (lowering of expenses) or the cost of capital (lowering of overall cost of capital).
Three important considerations should be taken into account:
• The company must be willing to take the risk and vigilantly make investments to benefit fully from the merger as the competitors and the industry take heed quickly
• To reduce and diversify risk, multiple bets must be made, in order to narrow down to the one that will prove fruitful
• The management of the acquiring firm must learn to be resilient, patient and be able to adopt to the change owing to ever-changing business dynamics in the industry
Stages involved in any M&A:
Phase 1: Pre-acquisition review: this would include selfassessment of the acquiring company with regards to the need for M&A, ascertain the valuation (undervalued is the key) and chalk out the growth plan through the target.
Phase 2: Search and screen targets: This would include searching for the possible apt takeover candidates. This process is mainly to scan for a good strategic fit for the acquiring company.
Phase 3: Investigate and valuation of the target: Once the appropriate company is shortlisted through primary screening, detailed analysis of the target company has to be done. This is also referred to as due diligence.
Phase 4: Acquire the target through negotiations: Once the target company is selected, the next step is to start negotiations to come to consensus for a negotiated merger or a bear hug. This brings both the companies to agree mutually to the deal for the long term working of the M&A.
Phase 5: Post merger integration: If all the above steps fall in place, there is a formal announcement of the agreement of merger by both the participating companies.
Reasons for the failure of M&A – Analyzed during the stages of M&A:
Poor strategic fit: Wide difference in objectives and strategies of the company
Poorly managed Integration: Integration is often poorly managed without planning and design. This leads to failure of implementation.
Incomplete due diligence: Inadequate due diligence can lead to failure of M&A as it is the crux of the entire strategy
Overly optimistic: Too optimistic projections about the target company leads to bad decisions and failure of the M&A
Example: Breakdown in merger discussions between IBM and Sun Microsystems happened due to disagreement over price and other terms.
Ex. 7.13. Choose one of the recent mergers or acquisitions and write an essay using the information in the text above as a plan, highlighting the most important facts related to the event.
Ex. 7.14. Use the following website https://www.scimagojr.com to find a research paper, which is related to the topic ‘Setting up your business enterprise’. Read it carefully, make up a glossary, write a summary of the paper (7-10 pages) and discuss it in the class.
Ex. 7.15. Search for a video on the subject ‘Pros and cons of mergers and acquisitions’, watch the video, take notes and get prepared to deliver a small talk in class (a 5-minute lecture) using your notes. You may use the following website to complete the task: https://www.ted.com/talks.
| UNIT 8 |
| CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL ISSUES |
