Contract law Grammar peculiarities

TASK 4. (a) Study the following law-specific Grammar and Style Note related to the English auxiliary verb “shall” and analyze the examples given below:

Grammar & Style Note

In modern English legal documents (laws, statutes, court rulings, agreements, instructions, etc.) the verb shall is usually used for denoting legally-binding actions (recommended, forbidden, preventive,etc.).

The verb shall expresses strong modality and is to be rendered into Russian through present tense forms.

1. The Debtor shall receive a copy of this Agreement.		1. Должник получает копию настоящего Договора.
2. This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the Russian Federation.		2. К настоящему Договору применяется право Российской Федерации.
3. This Agreement shall not imposeany restriction on sales by the Company to purchasers outside the Territory.		3. Настоящий Договор не налагаетникаких ограниченийна реализацию продукции Компанией покупателям, расположенным за пределами Территории.
4. The Surety shall be liable to the Bank for the performance by the Debtor of all its obligations owing thereby to the Bank under the Agreement on Opening Letter of Credit.		4. Поручитель обязуется отвечать перед Банком за исполнение Должником всех его обязательств перед Банком, принятых на себя Должником по Договору об открытии Аккредитива.

(b) Complete the following sentences by translating the words and word combinations in brackets. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

 

(1) All taxes in the Executor’s country (оплачиваются) by Executor, all taxes in the Customer’s country (оплачиваются) by Customer. (2) Executor (оказывает) electronic advertising and related services in accordance with Addendum 1. (3) The present Agreement (вступает в силу) from the date the “Parties” duly signed the Agreement and (действует) till complete fulfillment of all duties under this Agreement. (4) Сustomer (оплачивает) for each unit of Electronic Advertising ordered in compliance with Addendum 1 hereto. (5) Payment (производится) in US Dollars by bank transfer to Executor’s bank account. (6) The Bank (открывает) and service bank accounts for individuals on the basis of its Articles of Incorporation and License No. ___ issued by the Russian Federation Central Bank as of (date). (7) The bank (выпускает и обслуживает) MasterCard Standard Debit Plastic Card for the Cardholder who (приобретает) the said card and (пользуется ею) as indicated in the provisions hereof. The card (остается) the property of the bank. (8) The Cardholder (имеет/должен иметь) a bank account with the bank. (9) The power-of-attorney vested abroad and/or in a foreign language (должная быть переведена) into Russian and duly legalized [легализована в установленном порядке]. (10) An employee (не должен принимать участие) in any act of violence except in self-defence. (11) A monthly bank account statement [выписка по банковскому счету] (должна отражать) details on transactions, expenses and bank fees charged for the previous month. (12) Each employee (должен быть проинструктирован) that he or she (не должен участвовать) in any act of violence; initiate or instigate any plan to commit criminal acts; use unlawful investigative techniques to obtain information or evidence. (13) “Term” (означает) the period of time as defined in Section 4.1. of this Agreement. (14) “Products” (означает) all ABC products which are currently in production during each season of the Agreement year. (15) Either Party (имеет право) to terminate this Agreement by notice in writing to the other Party upon happening of any of the following events. (16) ABC (не должна продавать Товары никаким другим покупателям) (except the Distributor itself) for delivery from ABC to a location within the Territory. (17) Nothing stated in this Agreement (не должно толковаться как) constitutinga partnership agreement between ABC and Distributor. (18) Distributor (не продает товары) to any purchaser if Distributor knows or should reasonably assume that Products are intended for distribution and sale outside the Territory. (19) Members of the International Court of Justice (избираются) by the General Assembly and by the Security Council from a list of persons nominated by national groups in the Permanent Court of Arbitration. (20) The Secretary-General of the United Nations (передает) [to transmit] all such reports received to the States Parties.

TASK 5. (a) Study the following law-specific Grammar Note related to the English auxiliary verb “should” frequently used in formal English and analyze the examples given below:

Grammar Note

In modern English legal context, the most widely used pattern to express conditionality is the following one: Should the buyer fail to issue a letter-of-credit…- В случае, если покупатель не открывает аккредитив...; Should the L/C be issued unduly…- Если аккредитив не будет открыт своевременно; Should you have doubts on the issue …- В случае появления  у Вас сомнений по данному вопросу...

This pattern is usually used when an action needs to be referred to the future.

Should any provision of this Agreement be or become invalid, the remaining provisions of the Agreement shall not be affected thereby. Invalid provisions shall be replaced by provisions reflecting as closely as possible the idea and purpose of this Agreement.

В случае, если отдельные положения настоящего Договора являются или становятся недействительными, это не затрагивает действительность остальных положений. Недействительные положения должны быть заменены другими положениями, максимально приближенными к общему смыслу и цели настоящего Договора.

(b) Complete the following English sentences by translating the word combinations in brackets. Make use of “should” where necessary. Translate the sentences into Russian:

 

(1) (В случае если) a net under delivery situation occur where a customer has been prebilled by Executor (as per Addendum 1) and the value of the impression shortfall is greater than $100, Executor shall provide a ‘make good’ Electronic Media Campaign of equal value to the impression shortfall. (В случае если) a net over delivery situation occur, no additional fees will be charged to the Customer. (2) The Parties hereto shall make every effort to resolve any dispute that may arise from executing the provisions specified herein through negotiations. (В случае если) such negotiation efforts fail to produce an agreement, any such dispute shall be resolved in courts of law pursuant to the effective legislation of the Russian Federation. (3) (В случае если) the cardholder violate any of the terms and conditions envisaged hereunder or set out in the appendices hereto, the bank shall reserve the right at its discretion to suspend or cancel the plastic card operation. (4) (В случае если) any such force-majeure circumstances last over three months, the Contract shall be deemed terminated. (5) (В случае если) within the warranty period, provided all the aforesaid conditions observed, the equipment may turn faulty or inadequate in terms of its compliance with the specifications hereof, the Buyer shall be entitled to a warranty claim for the said equipment replacement. (6) (В случае если) any of the above indicated force-majeure circumstances directly affect the performance of obligations within the period stipulated herein, this period shall be extended correspondingly for a period of such circumstances duration. (7) The parties shall make every effort to amicably settle any possible disputes or disagreements which may arise out of or in relation to the Contract hereof. (В случае если) any such amicable settlement fail to resolve such disputes or disagreements, the said shall be resort, the ordinary courts jurisdiction excluded, to arbitration.

TASK 6. (a) Study the following Grammatical Note and analyze the examples with the English verb “to be to” given below:

Grammatical Note

In modern English we use to be to + infinitive for formal arrangements, appointments, instructions. This verbal form usually expresses actions that are scheduled or need to be implemented and in most cases its meaning resembles that of modal verbs.

1. When the functioning of the System  is normalized Executor is to render the servicesin full in compliance with Addendum 1 hereto.		1.После восстановления нормальной работы Системы Исполнитель обязан оказать услуги согласно Приложению 1 к настоящему Договору в полном объеме.
2. All documents and annual reports are to be signed by the Surety’s authorised signatirories and to be delivered to the Bank immediately upon their execution and/or approval, but in any event within 180 days from the end of each financial year.		2. Все документы и годовые отчеты должны быть подписаны лицами, уполномоченными подписывать документы Поручителя, и незамедлительно после составления и/или утверждения представлены Банку, в любом случае не позднее 180 дней по окончании финансового года.

(b) Complete the following sentences by translating or transforming the words and word combinations in brackets. Use ‘to be to’ if necessary. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

 

(1) Such certificates (должны представляться банку) each calendar quarter within the lifetime of this agreement, on the last banking day in the current calendar quarter at the latest. (2) In the event of the Agreement termination prior to its expiration, Executor (обязуется выплатить) the cost of under delivered impressions for each Electronic Media Campaign. (3) The Seller (должен) notify the Buyer about the readiness of the equipment for inspection not later than 10 days before the proposed time of the inspection. (4) They (не должны открывать) their instructions until midnight. (5) The buyer (должен обеспечить) timely acquisition of the import license for the goods under contract. (6) The proprietary right for the goods and all risks of loss of or damage to the goods (должны перейти) from the seller as from the moment of crossing the tanker’s board by the goods at the port of loading. (7) The quality of cigarettes (должно быть подтверждено) by a quality certificate issued by the seller or the factory manufacturer. (8) Buyers (должны заплатить) for the freight on receipt of the shipping documents. (9) The sellers (должны получить) an export license at their own expense. (10) During the loading of the tanker samples (должны быть) to be taken from the shore pipeline according to the standard in force in the Seller’s country. The samples, thus taken and thoroughly mixed, (должны быть) to be poured out into six bottles. (11) The buyer (должен информировать) the seller by cable or by telex not later than 15 days before the tanker’s arrival at the port of loadingon the name, capacity, flag and draught of the vessel, approximate date of her arrival at the port of loading, as well as port of destination. (12) Upon arrival at the port of loading after receipt of free practique [разрешение на свободное сношение с берегом] by the vessel, the Master (должен предоставить) the seller’s representative a written notice of the tanker’s readiness for loading operations. (13) All expenses and duties, namely: customs duties, taxes and also fees relating to the conclusion and execution of the present contract collected on the territory of Russia, (должны быть оплачены продавцом) and those outside the above mentioned territory (должны быть оплачены покупателем). (14) A list with the detailed description of the detected defects (должен быть) enclosed with the notification.