2020-06-29
49LIST OF QUESTIONS
1. Cell - elementary structural and functional unit of living things. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. Cell theory, its current status and significance for medicine.
3. Morphо physiology of the cell. Cytoplasm and organelles.
4. Cell membranes. Chemical composition. Spatial organization and its meaning.
5. The chemical composition and morphology of chromosomes. The dynamics of their structure in the cell cycle (interphase and metaphase chromosomes).
6. Human karyotype. Morph functional characteristic and classification of human chromosomes. Significance of the karyotype study in medicine.
7. Molecular level of organization of genetic information. Nucleic acids and their value.
8. Structure of the gene. Structural genes, regulatory genes, synthesis of tRNA and rRNA.
9. Genetic code and its properties.
10. Basic steps of protein synthesis in the cell.
11. Expression of the genetic information in eukaryotes. Exon-intron organization of genes in eukaryotes, processing, splicing.
12. Cell cycle and its possible directions and periodization.
13. Cell division. Concept of mitotic activity. Violations of mitosis.
14. Reproduction and its types.
15. Stages of gametogenesis. Meiosis.
16. Structure of human gametes.
17. Features of human reproduction. Stages of fertilization.
18. Characteristics of ontogenesis and its periods. Stages of embryonic development.
19. Post-embryonic development of man and his periods.
20. Aging as a stage of ontogeny. Theories of aging. Clinical and biological death.
21. Regeneration and its kinds.
22. Laws of heredity at monohybrid cross. The first and second laws of Mendel. Mendelian traits.
23. Laws of heredity in the di- and polyhybrid cross. Third Mendel law.
24. Multiple alleles. Inheritance of blood groups and Rhesus factor.
25. The main statements of the chromosome theory of heredity.
26. Genetics of sex. Sex linked diseases.
27. Variation and its forms. Phenocopies.
28. Gene mutations. Chromosomal aberrations. Chromosomal mutations.
29. Genetic diseases and their classification.
30. Methods of medical genetics. Pedigree analysis, study of twins, cytogenetics and biochemical method.
31. Parasitism. Principles of interaction of parasite and host on an organism level.
32. Principles of classification of parasites: obligate, facultative, temporary, permanent, endo- and ecto parasites.
33. Life cycle of the parasite. Intermediate and final hosts. Reservoir, obligate, facultative hosts.
34. Vector-borne diseases. Facultative- and obligate-borne transmitted diseases. Specific and mechanical vectors of diseases.
35. Entamoeba hystolitica. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
36. Giardia. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
37. Trichomonas. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
38. Causative agents of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
39. Causative agents of trypanosomiasis. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
40. Plasmodium. Types of malaria parasites. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
41. Toxoplasma. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
42. Flat worms. Classification, general morphological features, representatives that have medical importance.
43. Liver fluke. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
44. Cat fluke and Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
45. Pulmonary fluke. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
46. Blood flukes. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
47. Pork tapeworm. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
48. Beef tapeworm. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
49. Dwarf tapeworm. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
50. Echinococcus. Alveococcus. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
51. Fish tapeworm. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
52. Roundworms. Classification, general morphological features, representatives that have medical importance.
53. Ascaris. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
54. Pinworm. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
55. Whipworm. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
56. Ancylostoma. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
57. Trichinella. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
58. Guinea worm. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
59. Wuchereria Bancrofti, Loa Loa. Systematic position, morphology, life cycle, methods of laboratory diagnosis and prevention.
60. Arthropods. Classification, general morphological features, representatives that have medical importance.
61. Ticks - carriers and causative agents of the diseases in humans.
62. Insects. Morphology, development, representatives that have medical importance.
63. Flies. Structure and development. Medical importance. Types of flies. Myiasis.
64. Types of mosquitoes, percularities of the structure and development. Medical importance. Midges and its components.
65. Lice. Structure and development. Medical importance.
66. Fleas. Structure and development. Medical importance.
67. Synthetic Theory of evolution as a modern stage of development of the theory of evolution.
68. Species. Features of the species.
69. Population as the basic unit of evolution. Characteristics of population.
70. Factors of evolution.
71. Macro- and microevolution.
72. Population structure of humanity.
73. Natural selection. Forms of natural selection. Give examples.
74. Biological progression and biological regression. Ways to achieve biological progression (aromorphosis, idioadaptation and total degeneration).
75. Haeckel-Muller's biogenetic law and his interpretation given by A.N. Severtsev.
76. Recapitulation theory (arhallaksis, deviation, anaboly)
77. Main characteristic features of the phylum chordata. Lancelet and its place in evolution.
78. Phylogeny of the skin of the phylum chordata.
79. Phylogeny of the respiratory system of the phylum chordata.
80. Phylogeny of the circulatory system of the phylum chordata.
81. Biosphere and its borders. V.I. Vernadskiy theory of biosphere and noosphere.
82. Living matter of biosphere. Functions of living matter.
83. Medico-biological aspects of the influence of biosphere on human health.
84. Ecology. Definition and basic concepts. Habitat and ecological niche.
85. Ecology. Environmental factors (abiotic, biotic, anthropogenic).
86. Man as an ecological factor. Main directions and results of man-made environmental changes.
87. Ecology. Biocoenosis. Biogeocoenosis. Characteristics and features of the structure.
88. Formation and characteristics of human ecotypes.
89. Functional types of people’s respond to environmental factors.
90. Biological aspects of adaptation to life. Specific and non-specific adaptation.
91. Adaptation of people to extreme conditions. Concept of stress.
92. Man-made ecosystems. Specifications and features.
93. Trophic structure of ecosystems. Food chain. Ecological pyramid.
94. Ecological characteristic of populations (population size, population density, age composition of the population, sex structure of the population, population dynamics).
95. Biological rhythms and their medical value.
List of microslides.
1. Onion cuticle
2. Drops of lipids
3. Grains of pigments
4. Human blood
5. Blood of a frog
6. Polytene chromosomes
7. Mitosis in the onion root cells
8. Transverse section of the ascaris uterus
9. Amitosis in the epithelium of the bladder in a frog
10. Fasciola hepatica
11. Gravid segment of Taenia saginata
12. Gravid segment of Taenia solium
13. Gravid segment of Dyphylobotrium latum
14. Eggs of Dyphylobotrium latum
15. Dwarf tapeworm
16. Enterobius male
17. Enterobius female
18. Eggs of Enterobius vermicularis
19. Cross section of ascaris
20. Egg of Ascaris lumbricoideus
21. Whipworm eggs
22. Ticks
23. Larvae of a ticks
24. Bug
25. Flea
26. Crab louse
27. Larva of Pediculus humanus capitis
28. Nit
29. Culex mosquito larva
30. Anopheles mosquito larva
31. Pupa of the culex mosquito
32. Pupa of the Anopheles mosquito
33. Lancelet (longitudinal section)
34. Lancelet (cross-section)
