Find the English equivalents for each of the Russian terms from the text

Щитовой способ проходки тоннелей, стартовый котлован, ложе для монтажа щита, проходка на полное сечение тоннеля, лобовое сопротивление грунта, проходческие машины, скорость проходки, управление щитом, трудоемкость, смешанный грунт.

Answer the following questions.

1. What geologic characteristics can influence the choice of driving methods?

2. What methods can minimize the risk of collapsing the tunnel heading?

3. What was the first experience of using shield tunneling in the world?

4. What are the advantages of the shield versus drill and blast tunnelling?

5. What are the advantages of full face tunnelling versus heading/bench excavation?

6. What are the main parts of a shield?

7. What is the function of ring girders and diaphragms?

8. What hydraulic devices are mounted along the shield perimeter and reduce skin friction?

9. What shield tunneling disadvantages do you think define engineering imagination today?

10. Where are small shields assembled?

11. Why are the completed tunnels smaller in diameter than TBM’s?