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16.1 Introduction 333
16.2 Freight-Transportation Trends and Costs 334
16.3 Over-the-Road Freight-Transportation Externalities 336
16.3.1 Air Pollution 338
16.3.2 Global Climate Change 341
16.3.3 Noise Pollution 342
16.3.4 Congestion 344
16.3.5 Accidents 344
16.3.6 Construction and Maintenance 346
16.4 Policies to Reduce Externalities 346
16.4.1 Urban Freight Strategies 347
16.4.2 Vehicle-Technology Improvements 348
16.4.3 Intelligent Transportation Systems 348
16.4.4 Pricing Strategies 350
16.4.5 Intermodal Transportation 352
16.4.6 Strategies to Reduce Empty Travel 353
16.5 Conclusion 354
17 Robust Optimization of Uncertain Logistics Networks 359
Sara Hosseini and Wont Dullaert
17.1 A Literature Review on RO 360
17.2 Optimization Under Uncertainty 361
17.2.1 Uncertainties in the Logistics Networks 361
17.2.2 Optimization Approaches Under Uncertainties 362
17.2.3 Robust Optimization 362
17.3 RO of Logistics Networks 364
17.3.1 A Variability Formation of RO for the General
Logistics Problem 364
17.3.2 A Regret Formation of RO for the Logistic Center Location and Allocation 366
17.3.3 A Min-Max Formation of RO for Road Networks 368
17.4 Challenges of RO 369
18 Integration in Logistics Planning and Optimization 371
Behnam Fahimnia, Reza Molaei, and Mohammad Hassan Ebrahimi
18.1 Logistics Planning and Optimization Problem 371
18.2 Significance of Integrated LP 373
18.2.1 Profitability 373
18.2.2 Quicker Response to Market Changes 373
18.3 Issues in Integrated LP 373
18.4 An Integrated LP Model 374
18.4.1 Key Performance Indicators 375
18.4.2 Assumptions 375
18.4.3 Parameters and Decision Variables 376
18.4.4 Objective Function and Model Constraints 377
18.5 Optimization Tools and Techniques 380
18.5.1 Mathematical Techniques 380
18.5.2 Heuristic Techniques 381
18.5.3 Simulation Modeling 382
18.5.4 Genetic Algorithms 382
18.6 A Case Study 383
18.6.1 Case Problem 383
18.6.2 Optimization Procedure 384
18.6.3 Results Achieved 385
19 Optimization in Natural Gas Network Planning 393
Maryam Hamedi, Reza Zanjirani Farahani, and Gholamreza Esmaeilian
19.1 Introduction 393
19.1.1 Natural Gas Network Modeling 393
19.1.2 Natural Gas Network Introducing 394
19.2 Natural Gas Network Problems 398 19.2.1 Formulating 398
19.2.2 Optimization 399
19.2.3 Model Characteristics 403
19.2.4 Types of Methods 405
19.3 Survey on Application of Optimization 408
19.3.1 Subnetworks 408
19.3.2 Main Problems 410
19.3.3 Mathematical Models Classifications 412
19.4 Case Studies 416
19.4.1 Case 1: Optimization of Planning in the Natural Gas
Supply Chain 417
19.4.2 Case 2: Optimization of a Multiobjective Natural Gas Production Planning 417
19.5 Conclusions and Directions for Further Research 418
20 Risk Management in Gas Networks: A Survey 421
