2018-02-14
748
1. Complete the following sentences.
1. The Ionic was always fussier than …a) the Doric
b) the Corinthian
c) the Tuscan
2. The Corinthian order had Ionic capitals elaborated with….
a) Iotus flowers
b) acanthus leave
c) geometric ornament
3. For the first time the Corinthian order was used for …
a) theatres
b) residential structures
c) temples
4. In its general proportions the Corinthian is very like …
a) the Doric
b) the Ionic
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c) the Tuscan
5. Of all the three Greek orders the Corinthian is…
a) the most elegant
b) the simplest
c) the oldest
6. The Doric order was used in …
a) the Erechtheum
b) the Pantheon
c) Artemis temple
2. Choose the right term.
1. The upper section of a classical order is a/an …
a) volute, b) entablature, c) base
2. Spiral ornaments are called …
a) capitals, b) mutules, c) volutes
3. The triglyph – metopes are …
a) alternating ridged and plain blocks of stone, b) porticos, c) floral hoops
4. The part of the column is …
a) frieze, b) capital, c) cornice
5. A particular style of column with its entablature having standardized details is …
a) facade, b) colonnade, c) order
3. Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text.
1. This expression eventually a) elaborated with acanthus leaves
took the form … b) on the Greek mainland and in western Colonies
2. The oldest order, the Doric … c) of the invention of the orders of architecture
3. The Doric order was popular… d) by the Romans
4. The volutes of the Ionic capital… e) combines the elements of all the Greek orders
5. The Corinthian order had a capital… f) is subdivided into Greek Doric and Roman Doric
6. The Tuscan order was added … g) spread horizontally from the center and curl
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7. Another late Roman invention, downward
took the Composite order…
Вариант 4
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
In Roman architecture there were three types of houses: the domus, the insula, and the villa. The domus, or town house, consisted of suites of rooms grouped around a central hall, or atrium, to which were often added further suites at the rear, grouped around a colonnaded court, or peristyle. The atrium, a rectangular room with an opening in the roof to the sky, and its adjoining rooms were peculiarl y Roman elements; the peristyle was Greek or Middle Eastern. There were few windows on the street, light being obtained from the atrium or peristyle.
In Rome the chief examples of domus are the House of Vestals in the Forum in Rome and that of Livia on the Palatine Hill. Great blocks of flats or tenements were called insulae. Excavations at Ostia, Italy, have revealed, the design of these blocks. Planed on three or four floors -with strict regard to economy of space, they dependedon light from the exterior as well as from a central court. Independent apartments had separate entrances with direct access to the street.
The Latin word villa pertained to an estate, complete with house, grounds, and subsidiary buildings. Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, began about AD 123, was a sumptuous residence with parks and gardens on a large scale. The unevenness of the site necessitated large terraces and flights of steps. There are remains of great brick and concrete structures. All the buildings are Roman in style and method of construction, though with Greek names.
The Romans were great builders and engineers famous for their factories, roads, aqueducts and bridges, grand thermae and amphitheatres, theatres, and temples.
The greatest surviving circular temple of antiquity, and in many respects the most important Roman building, is the Pantheon in Rome. It consists of rotunda about 142 feet in diameter surrounded by concrete walls 20 feet thick, in which are alternate circular and rectangular niches. Light is admitted through a central opening, or oculus, about 28 feet across, at the crown of the dome. In front is a porch with an inscription commemorating an earlier building of Marcus Agrippa (12 BC—AD 14) but built with the existing rotunda (AD 120—124) under the emperor Hadrian. The rotunda and dome are among the finest examples of Roman concrete work. The interior was lined with preciousmarbles, the coffers (decorative recessed panels) of the dome itself once was covered externally with bronze plates.
The largest and most important amphitheatre of Rome was the Colosseum, built by the emperors Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian in about AD 70/75 —82. Covering six acres (2.4 hectares), it had seating for about 50,000 spectators, and its 80 entrances were so arranged that the building could be cleared quickly. The whole is built of concrete, the exterior faced with travertine and the interior with precious marbles. Other important amphitheatres are those at Verona, Italy; Pula, Yugoslavia; and Aries, France.
Imperial thermae were more than baths. They were immense establishments of great magnificence, with facilities for every gymnastic exercise and halls in which philosophers, poets, rhetoricians, and those who wished to hear them gathered.
The best preserved are the Baths of Caracalla (begun c. AD 217), which covered an area about 1,000 feet square, and those of Diocletian (c. AD 298—306), with accommodation for 3,200 bathers.
