Pharmaceutical forms and doses

Classify the following drugs (cefazolin, cephalexin, ceftazidime, cefixime, cefaclor, ceftriaxone, cefepime, cefuroxime, cefpirome, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, ceftobiprol)

Generation	Oral	Parenteral
1generation	1	1
2 generation	1	1
3 generation	1	4
4 generation		2
5 generation		1

6. Define cephalosporins (Cefazolin, cephalexin, ceftazidime, cefixime):

Drug	Route of administration		Resistance to  cephalosporinase	Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Penetration into CSF
	Parenteral	Oral
А	+	-	+	+	+
B	-	+	-	-	-
C	+	-	-	-	-
D	-	+	+	+	+/-

7. Fill in the table, specify the possible indications for the use of cephalosporins:

Indications	Cephalexin	Cefazolin	Cefixime	Ceftriaxone	Ceftazidime
Respiratory infections
Meningitis infections
Intestinal biliary infections
Urinary infections
Skin and soft tissue infections
Nosocomial infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

14. Give (+) a comparative characterization of the drugs:

Characteristic		Amoxicillin	Ceftriaxone	Meropenem	Aztreonam
The type of action	Bactericidal
	Bacteriostatic
Spectrum	Gram-positive b.
	Gram-negative b.
Resistance of bacteria	Rapid development
	Slow development
Efficacy against multiple resistant flora	Effective
	Inefficient

15. Explain the mechanism of action of macrolides by choosing the correct answer:

They combine with (50S/ 30S) ribosome subunits, translocase activity (↓ / ↑), movement of mRNA from the acceptor site to the peptide site of the ribosome(block/stimulate), bacterial protein synthesis (↓ / ↑), type of action (bacteriostatic / bactericidal).

16. Fill in the table, specify indications for use:

Spectrum of action	Erythromycin	Clarithromycin	Azithromycin
Cocci
Clostridia, C. diphtheriae and Listeria Listeria,
Treponema and Borrelia
Mycoplasma, Legionella chlamydiae
Helicobacter pylori
The frequency of administration
Indications

Infections of respiratory organs (pharyngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia) caused by cocci; chancroid; leptospirosis; gastric ulcer; atypical pneumonia caused by intracellular pathogens; infections of the urinary system and genital infections caused by Chlamydia.

17. Complete the statements:

A. Erythromycin is not used for the treatment of intestinal infections, because...

B. The concentration of azithromycin in the focus of inflammation is higher than the concentrations in the blood, because…

C. Macrolides are not used for the treatment of neuroinfection, because…

D. Macrolides are reserve antibiotics, because....

 

Determine the antibiotics and Write prescriptions

1. Drug for the treatment of streptococcal associated pharyngitis

2. Drug for treatment of Syphilis

3. Drug for treatment skin infection caused by Penicillinase producing Staphylococci

4. Drug for treatment of infection of the urinary tract caused by Chlamydia.

5.What drug (amoxicillin, cefixim, azithromycin, erythromycin) should be prescribed to a patient with streptococcal tonsillitis and allergy to benzylpenicillin?

6. It isβ-lactam antibiotic. It acts bactericidal, inhibiting cell wall synthesis. It is resistant to β-lactamases produced by gram-negative bacteria. It is active against gram-negative flora, but does not work against gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes. It is used parenterally in severe infections of the urinary tract, respiratory system, skin.

 

PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS AND DOSES

INN	Drug forms	Method of application
Benzylpenicillin	500000 and 1000000 U in vials	Inject I.M. (I.V. drip) 500000U (1000000) 4-5 times a day in 3-5 ml of water pro injections or 100 ml isotonic sodium chloride solution
Benzаthinе benzylpenicillin	600000 and 1200000 U in 10 ml vials	Inject I.M. the contents of the vial in 5-10 ml of water for injection once 7-14 days (depending on the dose)
Benzаthinе benzylpenicillin+ Benzylpenicillin procainе	1 500 000 U in 10 ml vials	Inject I.M. 1500000 U in 5-10 ml of water for injection once a month
Phenoxymethyl-penicillin	100 and 250 mg tablets	1-2 tablets  4-6 times a day 30 minutes before meals
Oxacillin	500 and 1000 mg in 10 vials	Inject I.M. the contents of the vial in 2 ml of solvent 4-6 times a day
		Inject I.V. the contents of the vial in 5-10 ml of water for injection 4-6 times a day
Ampicillin	250 mg tablets	1-2 tablets 4 times a day 0,5-1 hour before meals
	500 and 1000 mg in 10 ml vials	Inject I.M. the contents of the vial in 2 ml of solvent 4-6 times a day
		Inject I.V. the contents of the vial in 5-10 ml of water for injection 4-6 times a day
Amoxicillin	250 and 500 mg tablets (capsules)	1-2 tablets (caps.) 3 times a day
Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid	250/125mg, 500/125mg, 875/125mg tablets	1 tablet 3 times a day
	500/100 mg and 1000/200 mg in 10 ml vials	Inject I.V. the contents of the vial in 10-20 ml of water for injection 3 times a day
Cephalexin	250 and 500 mg capsules	1 capsule 4 times a day
Cefazolin	500 and 1000 mg in 10 ml vials	Inject the contents of 1 bottle I.M. (I.V.) 2-3 times a day in 3-5 ml of water for injection (10-20 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution)
Cefuroximе	250, 750 and 1500 mg in 10 ml vials (bottles)	Inject the contents of 1 bottle I.M. (I.V.) 2 times a day in 3-5 ml of water for injection (10-20 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution)
	125 and 250 mg tablets	1 tablet 2-4 times a day
Cefotaximе	500 and 1000 mg in 10 ml vials (bottles)	Inject the contents of 1 bottle I.M. (I.V.) 2-3 times a day in 3-5 ml of water for injection (10-20 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution)
Ceftriaxonе	250; 500; 1000 and 2000 mg in 10 ml vials (bottles)	Inject the contents of 1 bottle I.M. (I.V.) once a day in 3-5 ml of water for injection (10-20 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution)
Cefiximе	200 and 400 mg tablets (capsules)	1 tablet (caps.) once a day
Ceftazidime	500; 1000 и 2000 mg in 10 ml vials (bottles)	Inject the contents of 1 bottle I.M. (I.V.) 2-3 times a day in 3-5 ml of water for injection (10-20 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution)
Cefepime	500; 1000 and 2000 mg in 10 ml vials (bottles)	Inject the contents of 1 bottle I.M. (I.V.) 2-3 times a day in 3-5 ml of water for injection (10-20 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution)
Meropenem	500 and 1000 mg in 10 ml vials (bottles)	Inject the contents of 1 bottle I.M. (I.V.) 3 times a day in 3ml of water for injection (60 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution)
Aztreonam	500 and 1000 mg in 10 ml vials (bottles)	Inject the contents of 1 bottle I.M. (I.V.) 2-3 times a day in 3-5 ml of water for injection (10-20 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution).
Erythromycin	100; 250 and 500 mg tablets	1-2 tablets 4-6 times a day
	Ointment 10000U/1,0-15 grams	Apply on affected skin 2-3 times a day.
	Eye ointment 10000U/1,0 -15 grams	Lay behind the lower eyelid 4-5 times a day
Clarithromycin	250 and 500 mg tablets	1-2 tablets 1-2 times a day
Roxithromycin	50; 150 and 300 mg	1 tablet 2 times a day
Azithromycin	125 and 500 mg tablets 250 mg capsules	1-2 tablets (caps.) once a day