Grammar

NERVOUS SYSTEM

PART I

Exercise 1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words. Translate them into Ukrainian:

mechanism ['mekənizm], cortex ['kɔ:teks], communication [kə,mju:ni'keiʃn], stimuli ['stimjulai], summarize ['sʌməraiz], analyse ['ænəlaiz], constant ['kɔnstənt], hypothalamus [,haipo'Ɵæləmas]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

complicate ['kɔmplikeit] ускладнювати

complicated ['kɔmplikeitid] ускладнений, заплутаний

directly [di'rektli] прямо, безпосередньо, негайно

sense [sens] почуття, відчуття; значення

pain [pein] біль

smell [smel] мати запах

feeling ['fi:liɳ] почуття, відчуття

order ['ɔ:də] порядок, наказ; наказувати, призначати, прописувати, заказувати (ліки)

in order to для того, щоб

move [mu:v] ворушитися, двигатися, пересуватися

area ['eəriə] область, ділянка, простір

control [kən'trəʋl] контроль, управління, перевірка; управляти, контролювати (біль, захворювання), перевіряти

vision ['viʒn] зір

almost ['ɔ:lməʋst] майже, ледве

Exercise 3. Translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian:

the human brain; the most complicated mechanism; to have a volume; to consist of cells; to be connected directly or indirectly; a wide system of communication; a constant flow of stimuli; to come into the brain through the spinal cord; sense organs; to send orders to different parts of the human body; to carry out experiments; the areas of the brain; to control vision, hearing, physical movements and even emotions; to become tired rapidly; blood pressure.

Grammar

Present Perfect Tense Active & Passive

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+ Scientists have carried out many experiments on the human brain.

Many experiments have been carried out on the human brain by scientists.

? Have scientists carried out many experiments on the human brain?

Have many experiments been carried out on the human brain by scientists?

– Scientists haven’t carried out many experiments on the human brain.

Many experiments haven’t been carried out on the human brain by scientists.

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Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian and put up a general question and a negation to the given sentences:

1. Our brain is the most complicated mechanism which has ever been constructed.

2. It has been determined by the scientists that each cell is connected to the other directly or indirectly by nerve fibers.

3. When all the received stimuli have been summarized and analysed the brain sends orders through the spinal cord to different parts of the human body.

4. To estimate the functions of different areas of the brain many experiments have been carried out by the investigators.

5. The investigators have been able to determine those areas of the brain which control vision, hearing, physical movements and even emotions.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text: