Introduction

The sentence

Sentence word order 1

The simple sentence 4

The compound sentence 10

The complex sentence 12

Introduction 12

Noun clauses 13

Relative pronouns and clauses 16
Adverbial clauses 24

Participle constructions 30

Nouns

One-word nouns 34

Compound nouns 35

Countable/uncountable nouns 38

Number (singular and plural) 43

Gender 49

The genitive 51

Articles

General information 55

The indefinite article a/an 57

The definite article the 61

The zero article 65

Pronouns

General information 72

Personal pronouns 73

One 76

It 78
Possessive adjectives/pronouns 80

Reflexive pronouns 82
Demonstrative adjectives/

pronouns 85

Indefinite pronouns 86

Quantity

General introduction 88

Particular quantifiers 91

Distributives 98

Adjectives

Formation of adjectives 106

uses  
The comparison of adjectives  
Adverbs  
General information  
The comparison of adverbs  
Adverbs of manner  
Adverbs of place  
Adverbs of time  
 
IV

Types of adjectives and their


Adverbs of frequency 133

Adverbs of degree 135

Intensifies 139

Focu s ad verbs 141
Viewpoint adverbs and

connectives 142

Inversion after adverbs 142

8 Prepositions, adverb particles
and phrasal verbs

General information 144

Movement and position 146

Time 149

Particular uses 150

Verb + preposition/particle 152

Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives

General information 159

The sequence of tenses 161

Simple present 162

Present progressive 164

Simple past 166

Past progressive 170

Simple present perfect 171

Simple past perfect 174
Present/past perfect progressive 176

Simple future 178

Future progressive 180
Future perfect simple/

progressive 181

T h e 'g o in g t o '- f u t u r e 181
Other ways of expressing the

future 183

Future-in-the-past 184

The imperative 184

Be, Have, Do

Be, Have, Do as auxiliary verbs 187

Be as a full verb 188

There + be 194

Verbs related in meaning to be 196

Have ('possess') and have got 198
Have (something other than

'possess') 201

Do as a full verb 204

11 Modal auxiliaries and related
verbs

General characteristics 207

Ability 212

Permission and prohibition 215

Certainty and possibility 218

Deduction 221


Offers, requests, suggestions 222

Wishes wish and if only 224
Preference would rather/would

sooner 226

Advisability, duty, necessity 227

Lack of necessity, prohibition 231

Habit 234

Dare 236

Other uses of modal auxiliaries 237

The passive and the causative

General information about form 241

Uses of the passive 243

The causative 246


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