Amir Zakery

6.1 Main Influencing Issues 93

6.1.1 Globalization 93

6.1.2 Information Technology 95

6.1.3 New Technologies 96

6.2 Future Trends in Some Logistics Sectors 97

6.2.1 Future Trends for Inventory Management 98

6.2.2 Global Transportation Issues 99

6.2.3 Future Trends for Warehousing 100

6.3 Future Trends in Technical Reports 101

6.3.1 Future Trends of Logistics in the United Kingdom 101

6.3.2 Thinner Margins in the Industry: A Chance to Improve for Shippers 102

6.3.3 Third-Party Logistics Maturing Quickly 103

6.3.4 Strategic Shift Toward Redesigning Logistics Networks 103

6.3.5 Need for Broader Range of Logistics Services 103

6.3.6 Five Influencing Factors in the Future of

European Logistics 103

6.3.7 Five Trends Supporting Logistics Success in China 104

Part III Tactical and Operational Issues 107

7 Transportation 109

Zohreh Khooban

7.1 Basic Aspects in Transportation Systems 109

7.1.1 The Role of Transportation in Logistics 109

7.1.2 Transportation Participants 110

7.1.3 Delivery Frequency System 111

7.1.4 Long-Haul Consolidated Freight Transportation 113

7.2 Classification of Transportation Problems 114

7.2.1 Planning Levels 115

7.2.2 Variants of the Standard of TPs 116

7.2.3 Carrier Decision-Making Problems 119

7.2.4 Shipper Decision-Making Problems 122

7.3 Case Study: An Application of Cost Analyses for Different Transportation Modes in Turkey 124

8 The Vehicle-Routing Problem 127

Farzaneh Daneshzand

8.1 Definitions and Applications 127

8.2 Basic VRP Variants 127

8.2.1 The Capacitated VRP 128

8.2.2 Distance-Constrained and Capacitated VRP 130

8.2.3 VRP with Time Windows 131

8.2.4 VRP with Backhauls 132

8.2.5 VRP with Pickup and Delivery 134

8.3 Solution Techniques for Basic VRP Variants 136

8.4 Other Variants of VRP 137

8.4.1 Open VRP 137

8.4.2 Multidepot VRP 138

8.4.3 Mix Fleet VRP 138

8.4.4 Split-Delivery VRP 139

8.4.5 Periodic VRP 141

8.4.6 Stochastic VRP 142

8.4.7 Fuzzy VRP 143

8.5 Case Studies 143

8.5.1 The Product Distribution of a Dairy and Construction Company 143

8.5.2 The Collection of Urban Recyclable Waste 145

9 Packaging and Material Handling 155

Mahsa Parvini

9.1 Material Handling 155

History 155

Definition 155

MH Principles 157

MH Equipment 158

Unit-Load Design 160

Designing MH Systems 161

MH Costs 164

MH System Models 166

9.2 Packaging 169

History 169

Definition 169

Functions of Packaging 169

Packaging Operations 171

Packaging Equipment 171

Labeling 172

Protection Packaging 174

Packaging for Distribution Efficiency 175

Packaging Costs 176

Packaging Models 177

9.3 Case Study 177

10 Storage, Warehousing, and Inventory Management 181