Of Cause

* Being a foreigner she couldn`t get accustomed to it.

* Not knowing the language he couldn `t understand the conversation.

* Having lived in England for many years he spoke English well.

* Having been a little in that line myself, I understood it.

Of Manner and Attendant Circumstances

* She was silent looking at her hands.

of Comparison -after as if, as though

* This was said as if thinking aloud.

Note: Participle I Indefinite is used both as an attribute and adverbial modifier.

Participle I Perfect is used only as an adverbial modifier.

Predicative

* The effect of her words was terrifying.

Compare with Gerund: The main thing is getting there in time.

Part of the Complex Object

* I saw his wife talking to you on the stairs.

Parenthesis

* Frankly speaking.....

* Judging by appearance.....

FUNCTIONS OF PARTICIPLE II IN THE SENTENCE

1. Attribute (only of transitive verbs)

* locked door

* broken cup

* a newspaper published in Moscow

2. Adverbial Modifier (in this function Participle II is usually introduced by the conjunctions)

of Time (when, while)

* When questioned, Anny answered about her brother.

* When shown the letter she understood everything.

of Condition (unless, if)

* He never spoke unless spoken to.

* The crime if discovered might cost you a death sentence.

of Comparison, Manner (as if, as though)

* Mr. Kite shook his head as if lost in admiration.

* I did as requested.

of Concession (though)

* Her spirit, though crushed, was not broken.

NOTE: in adverbial function Participle II is mostly used in literary or formal style.

Predicative

* I was impressed.

* You look exhausted.

Part of Complex Object

* I have found her changed.

Russian equivalents of Participles Used as Attributes

читающий

который читает reading

читавший

который читал (тогда) reading

прочитавший

который прочитал раньше who + attributive clause

который будет читать

применяющиеся

применяемые (обычно) used

применявшиеся

которые применялись (раньше) used

примененные

которые были применены (тогда) used

применяемые

которые применяются (в момент речи) being used

But: которые будут применяться - to be used

Russian equivalents of Participles Used as Adverbial Modifiers

читая

когда читаю (when, while) reading

когда читал

прочитав

когда прочитал having read

потому что прочитал

увидев

когда увидел seeing