2015-09-06
260
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPING VOCABULARY
Nouns
| aspiration challenge complementary community diversity deterioration engagement ethos fiber framework imperative lot pursuit scope standpoint sustainability sustenance threshold | сильное стремление; желание вызов; сложная задача; проблема взаимозаменяемость сообщество, содружество разнообразие ухудшение, изменение дело, занятие, обязательство моральная цель древесина структура, рамки, пределы, основа обязанность, долг доля, судьба преследование размах, охват, сфера точка зрения устойчивость, возобновляемость средства к существованию, жизнеобеспечение порог |
Adjectives
| durable equitable finite inherent irreversible non-linear pristine sustainable | прочный, долговечный справедливый, равный ограниченный, имеющий предел необъемлемый, присущий необратимый обширный первобытный устойчивый, воспроизводимый, возобновляемый, экологичный, стабильный, сбалансированный |
Verbs
| alleviate coin compromise embrace enhance encroach entail further merge monitor preserve replenish resolve revive | уменьшать, облегчать создавать новые слова, выражения подвергать риску, придти к соглашению принимать (веру, теорию) увеличивать, усиливать вторгаться, посягать влечь за собой продвигать, содействовать сливать(ся), соединять(ся) контролировать сохранять пополнять, возобновлять решать восстанавливать, возобновлять |
Adverbs
Therein в течение того или иного времени
1. Complete the sentences with the words below. Mind the form of the words challenge, to monitor, to preserve, to replenish, to merge, to enhance, sustainability
1) …. is a process which tells of a development of all aspects of human life.
2) We must … natural resources for future generations.
3) Three small companies … into a large one.
4) The technology of production will … the resource base.
5) Reducing unemployment will be the main … for the new government.
6) When natural resources are used too fast they can’t be ….
2. Using a dictionary complete the table.
| Verbs | Adjectives | Nouns |
| challenge | ||
| diversify | ||
| sustainable | ||
| resolution | ||
| preserve | ||
| engagement | ||
| depletive |
3. Make nouns from the following verbs:
to diversify, to engage, to aspire, to sustain, to preserve, to merge
4. Form meaningful word combinations using the words from both columns and translate them into Russian.
| sustainable finite equitable reviving to further to enhance irreversible | growth rights resources process forestry progress the case of peace |
Text 1
1. Read the text with the focus on the following points:
- a growing interest in sustainable development in the temporary world; - the concern of European countries for sustainable forestry in the 18th and 19th centuries; - the meaning of the word “development in the context of sustainable development”.
The History
Sustainable development is a buzzword found in much environmental and some economics literature these days. Certainly the idea of sustainable development has become increasingly popular in the contemporary world. New books on sustainable development have been appearing with increasing rapidity since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Earth Summit) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June of 1992.
The questions are, what is the fuss about? What is sustainable development anyway? And more importantly, why does sustainable development matter?
The word sustainable comes to us from foresters of the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe. At that time much of Europe was being deforested. And the foresters became increasingly concerned since wood was one of the driving forces in European economy. Wood heated homes and factories, became furniture and other articles of manufacture.
Forests were best harvested from an economic standpoint using clear-cutting techniques. The foresters and especially the German foresters, in response to this crisis developed scientific or sustainable forestry. The idea at that time was simple. If enough trees were planted to replace the wood provided by the trees that were harvested every year, and the growth rate of the entire forest was scientifically monitoredto ensure this happened, then the forest would be sustainable. It would always grow enough wood fiber to replace the wood fiber lost to harvesting.
Thus in this original idea, sustainable means that as a resource is used, it is replaced by growing additional amounts of the resource. In the modern context of the word, sustainable, this is a difficult context because there are many resources, such as oil or iron ore, that cannot be grown. Still, these resources, like trees in Europe’s forests are finite. If all the oil is extracted, there will not be any oil. Still, if humanity is to survive with a civilization for another 1000 years, we are still going to heat our homes and fulfill many of the same purposes that oil now fulfills.
The word development, at least as it is used in the phrase sustainable development, has a different history. During the cold war the United States needed to respond to the communist challenge in the Third World that said that communism would bring with it a new standard of living. Walt Rostow, a prominent US government official and economist, developed a competing ideology that he called economic development. Rostow’s answer to the Communist challenge was that it was the civilized world’s task to economically develop the Third World. Thus, according to his model, the poor would be much better off in the long run by embracing democracy and capitalism. If the Third World country would remain anti-communist, they would receive foreign aid, at some point in future, take off and become equal to the economies of Western Europe, the US and Japan.
Thus, development, in the context of sustainable development, means the Third World’s economies will become equal to the developed world’s economies. This, in turn, will alleviate poverty and suffering in poor countries and make the world more equitable for all human beings.
2. Read the text again and say if the following statements are true or false.
1) The idea of sustainable development is not popular in the contemporary world.
2) Oil was the driving force in European countries in the 18th and 19th centuries.
3)The English foresters developed a new technology to harvest forests.
4)Natural resources are finite.
5)A French government official developed a competing ideology that he called economic development.
6)According to the new ideology the rich would be better off.
3. Scan through the text again searching for the English equivalents for the following collocations:
современный мир; устойчивое развитие; движущая сила; неистощительное лесопользование; темп роста; дополнительное количество; одинаковые цели (задачи); холодная война; уровень жизни; правительственный чиновник; цивилизованный мир; изделия производства; с экономической точки зрения; в ответ на; древесина; иностранная помощь.
Text 2
