Vocabulary

1. Transcribe the words:

European, spaceflight, enthusiasts, rocketry, experiments, electricity, physics, electrical resistance, research, technology, achieve, solid-propellant, efficiency, powder, calculations, rocket, dynamics, liquid-propellant, accelerate, altitude, development, flight, velocity, propellant, consumption, gravity, missile

2. Explain in English and then translate the following words and expressions into Russian:

spaceflight, experiments, rocketry, solid-propellant gunpowder rockets, rocket dynamics, liquid-propellant rocket, powered vertical flight, optimal velocity, propellant consumption, liquid-propellant engines, exhaust velocities, propellant tanks, two-stage rocket, liquid oxygen

3. Match the words from the texts (1-5) with their synonyms (A-E):

word	A	synonym
velocity	B	container
gravity	C	speed
fuel	D	power
tank	E	weight

4. Match the words from the texts (1-10) with the definitions (A-J):

word	A	definition
efficiency	B	quickness of motion
velocity	C	the ratio of the kinetic energy of the expelled gases to the heat energy of the powder
exhaust	D	the act or process of utilization
consumption	E	a device used as an incendiary weapon or as a propelling unit
rocket	F	to empty by drawing off the contents
propellant	G	solid explosive
spaceflight	H	fuel plus oxidizer used by a rocket engine
powder	I	the rate of change of velocity with respect to time
acceleration	J	flight beyond the earth's atmosphere

5. Complete the text with the words from the box

rocketry rockets altitude consumption

efficiency dynamics spaceflight velocity

powder accelerated considered propellant

Robert Goddard began his experiments in (1) while studying for his doctorate at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. Goddard concentrated first on the study of solid-propellant gunpowder (2) and improving their efficiency. The term "(3)," introduced by Goddard, meant "the ratio of the kinetic energy of the expelled gases to the heat energy of the (4)". This famous treatise of Goddard, entitled "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes," outlined his ideas on rocketry and included detailed calculations of rocket (5) and results of his various tests.

In 1935 the first liquid-propellant rocket (6) to a speed faster than the speed of sound. Two years later, on 26 March 1937, the Goddard's rocket reached an (7) 8000 — 9000 ft (2400 — 2700 m). When he was 11 years old, Hermann had become fascinated by (8) after reading Jules Verne's From the Earth to the Moon.

In his book, Hermann Oberth focused on rocket dynamics. He (9) the powered vertical flight through the atmosphere and introduced a concept of the optimal velocity that minimizes propellant (10). He showed how a rocket could achieve the (11) allowing it to escape Earth's gravity. He described the details of liquid-propellant engines and calculated (12) exhaust velocities.

6. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Роберт Годдард начал проводить эксперименты по ракетостроению, когда обучался в докторантуре Университета Кларка.

2. Годдард сосредоточился в первую очередь на изучении твёрдотопливных пороховых ракет и повышении их эффективности.

3. В 1935 году первая жидкотопливная ракета развила скорость выше скорости звука.

4. В своей книге Герман Оберт сконцентрировался на динамике ракет.

5. Он показал, как ракета могла достичь скороти, позволяющей преодолеть земную гравитацию.

6. Он описал детали жидкотопливных двигателей и вычислил скорости истечения топлива.

7. В книге была представлена подробная конструкция двуступенчатой ракеты в сопровождении подробных вычислений.

8. Ракета использовала жидкий кислород в качестве окислителя.

7. Answer the following questions:

1. Who introduced the term "efficiency," and what does it mean?

2. Who introduced a concept of the optimal velocity, and what does it mean?

3. What did Goddard’s work "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes" outline?

4. What is Hermann Oberth’s book about?