2015-10-22
422
The derangements likely to occur in operation and the adjustments required to correct them may be grouped into the following general classes:
a) Wrong fits and clearances, looseness and tightness of parts.
b) Mechanical defects.
c) Fuel system defects.
d) Combustion defects.
e) Cooling water system defects.
f) Lubricating system defects.
g) Air system defects.
h) Starting difficulties.
i) Operating troubles in general.
Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.
1) What impression is the Diesel engine apt to create upon first sight?
2) What should be born in mind when comparing the Diesel engine and the steam engine?
3) What is the most striking difference in the problem of maintenance of the Diesel as compared to steam engine maintenance?
4) What conditions are necessary to make the Diesel run at all? 5) What kinds of mechanical defects do you know? 6) What kinds of fuel system defects do you know? 7) What kinds of combustion defects do you know? 8) What kinds of cooling water system defects do you know? 9) What kinds of lubricating system defects do you know? 10) What kinds of air system defects do you know? 11) What kinds of starting difficulties are familiar to you? 12) How can you characterize operating troubles in general?
Exercise 2. Give the equivalents of the following.
In Russian: starting difficulties; wrong fits; combustion defects; lubricating system; to create the impression; attendant mechanisms; the most striking difference; exceeds limit marked on boiler front; adjustment of excess air; main propulsion system; the generator trips off the line; hose coupling; watertight doors; carbon dioxide cylinder storage room
In English: действующие технические средства, неполадки в работе технических средств, вахтенный моторист, выполнять распоряжения, неисправности, которые чаще всего встречаются в эксплуатации, принять необходимые меры по устранению неисправностей, неправильные зазоры, мощность на валу, вспомогательный котел, поддерживать чистоту и порядок, создавать впечатление, с другой стороны, снимать показания, вспомогательные механизмы.
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Exercise 4. Translate into English.
1) На первый взгляд дизель может показаться очень сложным механизмом, но небольшой анализ покажет, что в действительности он значительно проще, чем паровая машина с котлом, вспомогательными механизмами, конденсаторами и т. д.
2) Неисправности, которые чаще всего встречаются в эксплуатации, могут быть классифицированы следующим образом:
а) механические дефекты;
b) неправильные зазоры;
с) плохая пригонка и т. д.
3) Если возникнут неисправности во время эксплуатации, следует принять необходимые меры по их устранению.
4) С одной стороны, дизельный двигатель может быть собран таким образом, что все инструменты, необходимые для его работы, такие как силовая установка, могут быть прикреплены непосредственно к самому двигателю.
5) Необходимо помнить, что паровой двигатель сам по себе не является полезным механизмом, чтобы мы могли его использовать нам нужен паровой котел и все сопутствующие устройства, включая насосы, трубы, конденсаторы и т.д.
Exercise 5. Make up a dialogue of your own based on the one given below.
THE ENGINE
A.: What is the power available at the shaft called and how is it measured?
В.: Shaft horsepower, or brake horsepower. It is usually measured by attaching some form of brake to the shaft and measuring the amount of power absorbed by the brake when the engine is running. A second method is to attach an electric generator to the shaft and measure the electrical output of the generator.
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A.: Is the mechanical efficiency, or the ratio between brake horsepower and indicated horsepower, the same at all loads?
В.: No. The power absorbed in friction in the engine is the same at all loads and as the engine load decreases the ratio of B.H.P. to I.H.P. decreases.
A.: What auxiliary machinery is usually found in the engine-room of a motorship?
В.: Jacket cooling water pumps, raw water pump, piston cooling pumps, lubricating oil pumps, fuel oil service pumps, bilge and ballast pumps, engine-room bilge pumps, fresh water pump, auxiliary air compressor. Diesel electric generating sets, donkey boiler, evaporator and distiller, boiler and evaporator feed pumps, emergency compressor, ice machine and oil separator.
A.: What auxiliary machinery is used on deck?
В.: Deck winches, anchor windlass, capstans, steering engine, air whistle and lighting system.
A.: How are Diesel engines started?
В.: By running as air motors, on compressed air at medium pressure, until ignition of fuel occurs and operation as a combustion motor starts,
A.: How is the starting air obtained and where is it stored?
В.: By means of a compressor attached to the engine or an auxiliary air compressor driven by a Diesel engine, electric motor or steam engine. It is stored in large tanks, usually suspended under the deck in the engine-room.
A.: From what other source can air for filling the starting tanks be obtained?
В.: On engines of the air injection type the injection air compressor attached to the engine usually has a capacity greater than that required for supplying injection air. The excess air may be by-passed to the starting tanks through a connection provided for that purpose.
