The Management Process

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What is management?

Management is the process of achieving organizational goals through engaging in the four major functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. This definition recognizes that management is an ongoing, activity, entails reaching important goals, and involves knowing how to perform the major functions of management.

The functions of management

	Planning;
	Setting goals and
	deciding how best
	To achieve them.
Controllings		Organizing:
Regulating activities to		Allocating and arrang-
reach goals.		ing resources.
	Leading:
	Influencing others to
	work toward goals.

Management functions

Planning. Planning is the management function that involves setting goals and deciding how best to them. This function also includes considering what must be done to encourage necessary levels of change and innovation.

Organizing. Organizing is the management function that focuses on allocating and arranging human and non-human resources so that plans can be carried out successfully. It is through the organizing function that managers determine which tasks are to be done how

tasks can best be combined into specific jobs, and how jobs can be groped into various units that make up the structure of the organization. Staffing jobs with individuals who can successfully carry out plans is also hart of the organizing function.

Leading. Leading is the management function that involves influencing other to engage in the work behaviors necessary to reach organizational goals. Leading includes communicating with other, helping to outline a vision of what can be accomplished, providing direction, and motivating organization members to put forth the substantial effort required.

Controlling. Controlling is the management function that is aimed at regulating organizational activities so that actual performance conforms to expected organizational standards and goals. To do the necessary regulating, managers need to monitor ongoing activities, compare the results with expected standards or progress toward goals, and take corrective action as needed.

The Management Process

Although the four major functions of management form the basis for the managerial process, several additional elements are considered key ingredients of this process as well- The additional elements were identified by management scholars Steven J. Carroll and Dennis J. Gillen, on the basis of their review of major studies on managerial work.

The functions of management form the central part of the process. However, the model also shows that work methods and managerial roles, as well as work agendas, feed into the management functions. A manager's working knowledge and key management skills also are important factors that contribute to high performance (achieving goals).

To understand how management can influence in an organization, we need to define the organization.

For most of us, organizations are an important part of our daily lives. By organization, we mean two or more persons engaged in a systematic effort to produce goods and services. We all deal with organizations when we attend classes, deposit money at the bank, buy clothing, and attend a movie. We are also influenced by organizations more indirectly through the products that we use.

It is useful to keep in mind that the management process applies not only to profit-making organizations but also to non-for-profit organizations. A non—for-profit organizations (sometimes called a nonprofit organization) is an organization whose main purposes center on issues other than making profits. Common examples of non-for-profit organizations are government organizations (e.g. the federal government), educational institutions, cultural institutions and many health-care facilities. Of course, environmental factors (such as the state of the economy and actions by competitors) also have a bearing on ultimate goal achievement.