Subject: Theoretical basis, the nature and principles of the market

1 Business and Enterprise

2 Types of companies

 

1 The basic structural unit of the economy in a market economy is an enterprise. That company is a major producer of goods and services, the main subject of the market, to enter into various business relationships with other entities.

Entrepreneurship - an initiative independent activity of legal entities or citizens, aimed at making a profit.

Business entities in Kazakhstan can be:

-citizens of RK

-citizens of foreign countries

union of citizens (collective entrepreneurs)

Status of the entrepreneur acquired after the state registration of the legal entity or individual. Without business registration can not be performed.

Rights, duties, responsibilities and guarantees business regulated by national legislation.

Entrepreneurial activity can be carried out with or without the formation of a legal entity made ​​a citizen - independent entrepreneur, passed the state registration.

Legal entity - an organization that has ownership, economic management or operational management of separate property, is liable for its obligations with this property, may in its own name, acquire or exercise property and non-property rights, incur obligations, sue and be sued.

A legal entity is characterized by the following main features:

- property isolation, i.e. the presence of self-balance from commercial organizations or independent estimates from non-profit organizations. The property belongs to a legal entity on the property right is either in its economic or operational management

- the liability, i.e. liable for its obligations, separate property

-itself performance in public circulation on its own behalf, the ability to enter into civil contracts (purchase, sale, delivery, transportation, loan, lease), or otherwise acquire the rights and obligations

- organizational unity, i.e. is availability of appropriate stable structure, enshrined in the founding documents.

With the concept of "entrepreneurship" is closely related to the concept of "business." Business (business, business) - committing commercial operations for the production, exchange, sale of goods and services, which may result in a profit or loss bearing. Business concept is broader than entrepreneurial activity as a business is to commit any, including one-time, commercial transactions in any field of activity. Here lies the main difference between these two concepts: if entrepreneurship is always "formalized" and appears in the form of business structures, the actors in the business can also be a non-business organizations and institutions carrying out commercial transactions in the commodity or occasionally cash.

The main form of business is business.

Enterprise - economic agents or persons acting in a market economy, engaged in the production, the sale of goods and services for profit and its maximization.

Under production in a market economy refers to any kind of income-generating activities, regardless of whether they occur in the sphere of material production or in services.

The company is a property isolation economic unit, organized to accomplish any business purpose, i.e. it is an economic unit that:

- decides itself

- Real uses factors of production for the manufacture and sale of products

-strive to income and other goals.

The company is a commercial organization that organization aimed at making a profit. This enterprise is substantially different from non-profit organizations, ie These include charitable and other funds, unions, associations, religious organizations and others.

 

2 Companies differ in terms of aims and nature of the operation. For a more in-depth study of business enterprise are usually classified by type and nature of economic activity, forms of ownership, membership of capital and control over it, legal status and other characteristics.

Classification by type and nature of activity

First of all businesses are different industrial branches. They are divided into the enterprise of production and non-production sphere, hereinafter for smaller units (industrial, agricultural, credit and finance, transport, etc.)

Further, based on the type or form produced by the company product or service, you can select the actual sectorial and sub-sectorial types of enterprises (eg, automotive, coal, insurance, etc.).

Classification by size of enterprise

One of the most important characteristics of a company is its size determined primarily by the amount (employed) workers. As a rule, on this basis the companies are divided as follows: small - up to 50 employees, medium - from 50 to 500, large - more than 500, including a particularly large - more than 1000 employees. Sizing enterprises by number of employees may be supplemented by other features - sales, assets, profit center, etc.

Classification by type of ownership

Ownership is the basis of the legal status of the enterprise. According to ownership distinguish private, state, municipal, cooperative and other enterprises.

In all countries with a market economy, most businesses are privately owned.

Private enterprises can exist as separate independent companies or as associations established on the basis of how the system of participation, and on the basis of agreements between the association members. Depending on the form of association, the company may be legally independent and self solve business issues and meet its obligations, or be deprived of the economic and legal independence, and then the solution of business problems depends on the parent.

State-owned enterprises appear along with private firms – contra agent in economic circulation. Under the state-owned enterprises are understood as purely public or mixed, or parasternal. In a purely state-owned enterprises the government owns the entire share capital is usually obtained as a result of nationalization or re-created. In the mixed public-private companies, the state represented by any ministry or basic company may own a large part of the shares (50%), and then it will tend to exercise control over their activities.

Classification of capital accessories

There are facilities for capital and, consequently, control over the enterprise to commit domestic, foreign and joint (mixed) enterprise.

Called national enterprises whose capital is owned by entrepreneurs of the country? Countries also determined by the location and the registration of the company.

Called foreign enterprises whose capital is owned by foreign businessmen, in whole or in part to ensure their control?

Organization and activities of foreign companies in the country for the location determined by the legislation of each country, which regulates the registration of companies, their legal status, size of taxation, the transfer of profits, limit foreign ownership of shares, submission labor laws of this country and others.

Foreign enterprises are formed either through the creation of joint-stock company, or by buying controlling stakes in local firms, leading to the emergence of foreign control. The latter method is obtained in the present conditions the most widely used, because it allows you to use an existing device, communication, customer base and market knowledge, local firms. Foreign companies are usually registered in the country of residence as branches, subsidiaries or associated companies of foreign parent firms.

 

Mixed in terms of capital called enterprise whose capital is owned by businessmen of two or more countries. Register mixed enterprise operating in the country of one of the founders on the basis of its existing law, which determines the location of its headquarters. Mixed Company - is one form of international capital weave. Mixed Capital Company called joint ventures in those cases where the purpose of their creation is the implementation of joint business activities. There are forms of mixed capital companies in very diverse. Most often in the form of mixed companies are very diverse. Most often in the form of mixed companies are international associations, cartels, syndicates, trusts, corporations.

Companies whose capital is owned by businessmen from several countries, referred to as multinational. Multinational companies are formed by the merger of the merging firms in different countries and to issue shares of the newly created company

In modern conditions the largest industrial firms are focused on the creation of joint industrial enterprises and enterprises to carry out scientific and technical cooperation, including the sharing of patents and licenses, as well as the implementation of agreements on cooperation and specialization of production. Especially numerous joint venture partners in the new and rapidly growing industries that require huge one-time investment - in the refining, petrochemical and chemical industries.