2017-12-14
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9. Сплав
a) alloy b) polymer c) metal
10. Смесь
a) powder b) mixture c) gas
11. Узел
a) cable b) rope c) knot
12. Шов
a) thread b) line c) stitch
13. Жидкий
a) solid b) liquid c) transient
V. Выберите соответствующее определение данным терминам.
| a) by accident b) original c) strain d) react e) flexible f) shape-memory effect g) lenses h) to subject to heat |
14. tension
15. initial
16. to warm to a certain temperature
17. by chance
18. magnifying glasses
19. the effect of returning to the original shape under certain conditions
20. bendable
21. respond
VI. Прочитайте предложения и укажите, сoответствует ли данное утверждение действительности: если соответствует, напишите после предложения Т – true, если не соответствует, то F – false, при этом подтвердите ваш ответ примером из текста.
22. Liquid crystals can change shape and colour.
23. The future of smart materials and their possible uses is limited by modern technologies.
24. A serious car accident can be repaired by leaving the car in the sun already nowadays.
VII. Выберите правильную видовременную форму глагола.
25. The invention of smart materials … the world of engineering.
a) has been changed b) is changed c) has changed
26. The metal alloys … first in 1962-1963.
a) has been made b) made c) were made
27. Metal alloys have a 'memory' and … return to their original shape.
a) are to b) must c) can
28. Plastics … to their original shape when the temperature changes.
a) return b) returned c) returns
29. Liquid crystals … already … in climbing ropes that change colour if there is too much strain and weight on them.
a) have been used b) have used c) have been using
VIII. Заполните пропуски предлогами.
30. The sample was subjected … heat.
a) by b) with c) to
31. Smart materials with shape memory react … changes
a) with b) on c) to
32. A sample under research was presented … a meeting.
a) at b) on c) in
IX. Заполните пропуски прилагательным или наречием в нужной форме.
33. Alloys have … properties than the materials they are made of.
a) the best b) better c) good
34. Liquid crystals can be … than ordinary markers.
a) more reliable b) reliable c) the most reliable
35. The scientists should work … to develop smart materials.
a) hard b) harder c) hardly
X. Переведите текст (письменно).
Many metals have several different crystal structures at the same composition, but most metals do not show this shape-memory effect. The special property that allows shape-memory alloys to revert to their original shape after heating is that their crystal transformation is fully reversible. In most crystal transformations, the atoms in the structure will travel through the metal by diffusion, changing the composition locally, even though the metal as a whole is made of the same atoms. A reversible transformation does not involve this diffusion of atoms, instead all the atoms shift at the same time to form a new structure, much in the way a parallelogram can be made out of a square by pushing on two opposing sides. Shape-memory alloys are typically made by casting, using vacuum arc melting or induction melting. These are specialist techniques used to keep impurities in the alloy to a minimum and ensure the metals are well mixed. The ingot is then hot rolled into longer sections and then drawn to turn it into wire.
