2018-01-08
1002
1) Modern signal processors do not yield greater performance.
2) Freescale provides a broad range of DSPs.
3) The main portfolio of Analog Devices is multimedia processors, such as codecs, filters and digital-analog converters.
4) The TriMedia media processors support only fixed-point arithmetic.
5) Most DSPs use fixed-point arithmetic.
6) Floating point DSPs may be invaluable in applications where a wide dynamic range is required.
7) Product developers might not use floating point DSPs to reduce the cost and complexity of software development.
8) NXP Semiconductors are optimized for audio and video processing.
9) Analog Devices provides a multi-core DSPs family MSC 81xx.
10) NXP Semiconductors are based on StarCore Architecture processors.
Put the letters into the right order to make up the words. Find the sentences with the given words in the text and translate them into Ukrainian.
1. erporfecman
2. ecach
3. mmargorpleab
4. diametilum
5. beddemed
6. ocngid
7. licaappsniont
Make up your own sentences with the words given above,
In exercise 4.
Give a short summary of the text
Summary Lesson
I. Guessing Game
1. Computer words for the guessing game:
signal processor data clock rate microprocessor
embedded chip transistor integrated circuit
microcontroller circuit packaging capacitor electronic engineering
simulator debugging contain core
How to prepare the game.
· Form groups of three to five.
· Divide a sheet of paper into sixteen sections and cut them apart.
· Write one of the above words on each section of paper to make cards.
· Mix up the cards.
· Place all the cards face down in one stack in the middle of the table.
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3.
· Players take turns.
· The first player picks up the card.
· Without saying the word on the card, the first player explains or describes the word.
· All others guess the word.
· When someone guesses the word correctly, the first player gives him or her the card.
· Each player picks up the card and explains or describes the word, and the others guess.
· When there are no cards left in the middle, all players count their cards.
· The player with the most cards is the winner.
II. Make up your own sentences using the words given in the guessing game above.
III. Discuss the following questions with a partner or with your teacher.
1. What is an embedded system and where it can be used?
2. How can embedded debugging be performed?
3. What is the area of concern for electronic engineering?
4. What types of circuits do you know?
5. What does computing include?
6. What is a microprocessor?
7. What is VLSI and ULSI?
8. What is an integrated circuit composed of?
9. What is a microcontroller?
10. What can you say about the programming environments of microcontroller?
11. What is the history of a microcontroller?
VOCABULARY FILE
Access v connect to. or get (information) from, a system or a database.
access control a feature of a computer security system which prevents unauthorized users from accessing a system
adaptor board a circuit board put in a spare slot in a microcomputer to control an external device
ALGOL algorithmic language: a language developed for mathematical and scientific purposes
algorithm a prescribed set of well-defined rules or instructions for the solution to a problem
analogue see analog
arithmetic-logic unit the component of the CPU which performs the actual arithmetic and logic functions asked for by a program
asynchronous describing a form of computer control timing in which a specific operation is begun as soon as a signal is received to indicate that the preceding operation has been completed
background describing processing which does not involve computer-user interaction. Such processes use spare computer resources to perform low-priority tasks,
backup a copy of a piece of data or a program taken in case something happens to the data or to the disk on which the original data is stored
batch program a program that runs without any terminal or user interaction. Typically such programs perform large scale updates, produce reports, or handle housekeeping functions. A high priority batch job may be run in foreground.
bistable. an electronic circuit whose output can have one of two stable states, i.e. on or off
bit-mapped describing the image displayed on a computer screen whereby each pixel corresponds to one or more bits in memory
boot v reload the operating
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system of a computer
Boolean algebra an algebra closely related to logic in which the symbols do not represent arithmetic quantities
bus a signal route within a computer to which several items may be connected so that signals may be passed between them
byte bait a character consisting of 8 binary digits or bits.
C si: a highly portable programming language originally developed for the UNIX operating system, derived from BCPL via a short-lived predecessor B
C++ a programming language combining the power of object- oriented programming with the efficiency and notational convenience of C
CALL Computer Assisted Language Learning: the use of computers in the teaching of languages
capacity the amount offree unused space left on a disk
cell a location in a spreadsheet capable of holding text, numeric data, or a formula
central processing unit. the principal operating part of a computer, consisting of the arithmetic unit and the control unit
channel a specialized processor that consists of an information route and associated circuitry to control input/output operations. More than one I/O device may be attached to a channel for fast accessing and updating of information,
check point a point in a series of programs at which a backup is taken, and the point at which the series of programs will be restarted
chip see microchip
circuit a combination of electrical devices and conductors that form a conducting path
circuit board a board containing integrated circuits which make up the processor, memory, and electronic controls for the peripheral equipment of microcomputers clipboard see portable computer
clock an electronic device that generates a repetitive series of pulses, used to control and synchronize the internal workings of a computer cluster
coaxial cable a type of network cable consisting of two wires, one of which is contained totally within the other
cold-boot load the operating system of a computer from cold' (i.e. when the computer has to be switched on first)
command line interface a method of interaction with a computer whereby the user types specific commands in order to achieve his requirements. This is generally regarded as not very user-friendly, although it is often the most efficient way of communicating with the computer,
compile interpret a source program or a list of instructions in symbolic language compiler a program which converts source programs into machine code. Each high-level language has its own compiler,
compound document an electronic document which may contain text, photographs, spreadsheets, audio, or graphics
compress in multimedia, to force digitized data into a smaller space for handling by the system
computer language see programming language
conference a computer- based system enabling users to participate in a joint activity despite being separated in space or time
configuration the particular hardware elements and how they are interconnected in a computer system or network
control bus a signal route within a computer dedicated to the sending of control signals
control function a function performed by the control unit of a computer co-ordinating the internal functions and passing commands to the processor
control unit oneof the two main components of the CPU. It transmits co-ordinating control signals and commands to the computer,
cut and paste a word-processing or desktop publishing software feature which allows the user to mark a piece of text and then move it to a different location, not necessarily in the same document
data bus a bus dedicated to sending data between different parts of a computer
data processing the handling or manipulating of information called data which is specially prepared to be understood by the computer
device a piece of hardware that is attached to a computer and is not part of the main central processor (CPU)
digital the use of discrete digits to represent arithmetic numbers
digital signal a wave form or signal whose voltage at any particular time will be at any one of a group of discrete values (generally a two- level signal)
digital transmission the sending of digital signals along a communications link digitize convert analog signals to digital representation
directory see disk directory
disk a storage device in the form of a circular magnetic plate in which the information is stored via magnetic encoding
disk directory an index to the contents of a disk
disk drive a device which is capable of transmitting magnetic impulses representing data from the disk to the computer memory and vice versa
disk error a detected (or otherwise) error in the way that data is stored on the surface of a magnetic disk. Such errors are usually detected when reading from or writing to the disk,
diskette see floppy disk
distributed (computer) system the organization of processing whereby each process is free to process local data. The processes exchange information with each other over a network,
DOS disk operating system: the generic term for the operating system developed for IBM PCs and their clones
electronic circuit a combination of electrical devices and semiconductors that form a conducting path
execute run a program in a computer
expansion board a printed circuit board that may be inserted into a computer to give it extra functionality
expansion slot a spare space on the system board of a computer to which expansion boards can be fitted
expert system a system built for problem solving which tries to emulate the skills of a human expert. The result of study in the field of artificial intelligence,
feature facility provided by an application
firmware system software (part of the operating system i that is held in ROM
file information held on disk or tape in order for it to exist beyond the time of execution of a program. Files may hold data, programs, text, or any other information, file encryption a security method whereby an algorithm is used to scramble the data before it is written to disk to prevent unauthorized users reading the data directly from the disk
flicker on a screen, the rapid increase and decrease of brightness
full-motion video captured and digitized video images displayed on a computer screen giving the viewer the impression of watching a television picture,
gateway a device that links two networks in a way that is usually visible to the network users las opposed to a bridge which is not visible). Gateways may deal with differences of protocol and naming convention when converting between the two networks
graphical (user) interface a style of interaction between the user and the computer involving a graphics screen, icons, and some form of pointing device such as a mouse. See command line interface and window.
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grid used for touch-screen and pen-based computers. Voltage is sent across the glass in horizontal and vertical lines forming a grid
hacker a person who attempts to breach the security of a computer system by access from a remote point. This may be for amusement or l'or a more sinister purpose,
hardware the computer equipment and its peripherals
high-level language a language in which each instruction represents several machine code instructions, making the notation more easily readable by the programmer
icon a visual symbol or picture used in a menu to represent a program or a file. The program is usually initiated by using a mouse and clicking the mouse's button when the cursor is over the icon.
input the information which is presented to the computer
input v put information to a computer for storage or processing
input device any device that allows data to be passed into the computer
input output the part of a computer system or the activity that is primarily dedicated to the passing of data into or out of the central processing
integrated circuit an implementation of a particular electronic-circuit function in which all the individual devices required to realize the function are fabricated on a single chip of semiconductor
interactive describing a system or a mode of working in which there is a direct response to the user's instructions as they are input
interface a common boundary between two systems, devices, or programs
K kilobyte: unit of measure of memory or disk space in thousands of bytes.
LAN local area network
laptop see portable computer
liquid crystal display one type of technology that is used to produce flat monochrome computer screens. Such screens do not have their own internal illumination
loop a sequence of instructions that is repeated until a certain condition is reached
low-level language a language such as assembly language in which each instruction has one corresponding instruction in machine code
Мас Apple Macintosh computer
machine code the code actually executed bv the computer, not easily readable by the programmer
machine translation the use of computers to translate natural languages
magnetic card reader a device for reading the data held on the magnetic strip on a card such as a credit card
magnetic tape a strip of plastic coated with magnetic oxide used to store information sequentially. Tapes may be hundreds of feet long.
mail merge a software feature which allows the user to read in a tile of names and addresses and create 'personalized' letters for mail shots
mainframe (computer) a large computer which requires a special environment for temperature and humidity in order to run it. This is in contrast to minicomputer or microcomputer,
Mb megabyte
megabyte one million bytes: unit of measure for the amount of memory or disk storage on a computer
megaflop a million floating point instructions per second. Floating point notation is a representation of real numbers that allows both very large and small numbers to be conveniently represented. A floating point instruction is an arithmetic operation on two floating point numbers,
memory a device or medium that can retain information for later retrieval. It is usually used to refer to the internal storage of a computer that can be directly addressed by operating instructions,
memory board a circuit board which contains additional memory for a computer menu-driven describing a program that obtains input by displaying a list of options (the menu) from which the user indicates his choice
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MHz MegaHertz: a measure of the speed of a computer's CPU. In millions it measures the number of processing cycles performed by the CPU.
microchip a semiconductor device used to build the hardware of a computer microcomputer. a computer whose CPU is a microprocessor semiconductor chip microprocessor a semiconductor chip that forms the central processor of a computer
minicomputer originally a computer contained within a single equipment cabinet. Compared with mainframes they are usually smaller and slower. The word is no longer used very specifically since the advent of microcomputers
multimedia an application of computer technology that allows the capture, manipulation, and presentation of different types of data. e.g. text, graphics, video, animation, sound, etc.
parallel describing the transfer of data across the interface by having one connection per bit of a data word. e.g. for 8 bits there would be 8 connections in parallel. The control signals are also carried on individual connections in parallel
performance the speed of a computer or computer system
peripheral an input or output device attached to a computer
peripheral bus the communications link to which peripherals are attached
pixel an individual dot on a computer screen. The computer controls the colour and brightness of each pixel,
platform| a generic term for different types of computer system (e.g. PC. Mac. workstation, etc.)
plotter an output device for translating information from a computer into pictorial or graphical form on paper or a similar medium
plug-(and-play) compatibility the ability to connect one manufacturer's hardware directly to another manufacturer's hardware
port a connection point that allows I/O devices to be connected to the internal bus of a microprocessor
portable describing programs which can run on a variety of hardware or under a variety of operating systems
processing the performing of arithmetic or logical operations on information which has been input to a computer
processor see CPU
program a list of instructions which are used by the computer to perform the user's requirements
programming the act of writing a computer program
off-line describing any part of a computer system which operates independently of the central processing unit
operating environment the hardware and operating system being used operating system the set of programs that jointly control the system resources and the processes using those resources on a computer
operator someone responsible for running a computer (usually a mainframe) optical character reader a device which scans, recognizes, and encodes information printed or typed in alphanumeric characters
outliner a writing aid to enable the structure of a document to be worked out in advance and used as a guide when writing the detailed document
output the result of performing arithmetic and logical operations on data. It can be displayed on screen or transmitted by the computer
output device a device which transmits or displays processed data. e.g. a printer,
radiation screen | a screen placed in front of a VDU to protect a user from possibly harmful radiation from the screen
RAM random-access memory: this is memory which can be read and written to. The basic element is a single cell capable of storing one bit of information. Each cell has a unique address in memory and so can be accessed in random order,
raw data data which has not been interpreted
real-time program a program that interacts with the users in such a way that the timing of the interaction is significant. This is usually because the input corresponds to some movement in the physical world and the output has to relate to the same movement,
record a collection of data handled together in movements to and from storage. Files held in storage are frequently treated as sequences of records.
register a group of devices that are used to store information within a computer for high-speed access. Some registers may be used as counters,
response the elapsed time between an action by a computer system and the receipt of some form of response from the system
robot a programmable device consisting of mechanical manipulators and sensory organs. The main goal of robotics research is to provide the robot with an artificial eye and to use visual perception to guide a mechanical arm in a flexible manner, robotics a discipline (lying across the border between artificial intelligence and mechanical engineering) which is concerned with building robots
ROM read-only memory: this is memory used for storage of data that cannot ever be modified. The memory contents are permanently built into the device when it is manufactured.
satellite in communications technology, a man-made device in orbit round the Earth used to relay back telephone messages or radio and TV signals from another part of the Earth
scanner an input device which reads images on paper using a photoelectric cell and produces a computer graphic file as output. The image scanned may be a bar code, a picture, or a piece of text.
secondary memory. storage space which is outside the main memory of the computer. It can be in the form of either sequential tapes or random- access disks, security reporting feature of a security system which reports, to an administrator, attempted breaches to the security of a system
security system a system which controls access to a computer and maintains the security of that computer
semiconductor a material whose electrical conductivity increases with temperature and is • intermediate between metals and insulators
sensor an electronic device to detect movement
sequence control register a register which controls the sequence in which operations are performed by the computer
sequential device a device such as a magnetic tape drive which permits information to be written to or read from in a fixed sequence only
serial describing the transfer of data one bit at a time. Control signals are also passed in sequence with the data,
session a period during which two computers are linked
shared-line describing the use of a telephone line to transmit more than one set of data at a time
signal lines cables over which a computer control signal and data may be passed signature see virus signature
sign off log off a computer system
sign up, log on to a computer system
silicon a non-metallic element with semiconductor characteristics
Silicon Valley area of California where there are many computer technology companies
slot see expansion
smart card a card containing a microchip which can be used to store large amounts of information
software a general term for any computer program
software package a series of programs written for a generic application, e.g. a payroll package, which can be adapted by the user to meet individual needs
source program the original high-level language program which has to be converted to machine code before it may be executed
spell check dictionary a list of correctly spelt words used by word-processing software to validate the spelling in a document
spreadsheet a program that manipulates tables consisting of rows and columns of cells and displays them on a screen. The value in a numerical cell is either typed in or is calculated from values in other cells. Each time the value of a cell is changed the values of dependent cells are recalculated.
SQL structured query
structured programming a method of programming development that makes extensive use of abstraction in order to factorize the problem and give increased confidence that the resulting program is correct
structured query language a high-level language for writing routines to query relational databases. Originally developed by IBM in 1973. it is now an ANSI standard,
stylus an electronic I/O device that is used to draw or write on the screen
support group a group of staff who are specialists in a particular piece of software switched network. a network topology in which a central switching device is used to connect devices directly
synchronous taking place at precisely the same time 2 involving a type of computer control whereby sequential events take place at fixed times
system board the main circuit board of a computer containing the microprocessor chip. Other devices will be attached to this board,
systems program sistsmz.prsugraem |4| a program written for a particular type of hardware. Examples are operating systems and compilers. They are usually provided by the manufacturer,
systems routine utility programs provided by the computer operating system. These might be used for converting numerical data into different formats, or performing operations on dates.
systems software see systems program
table of contents a word-processing software feature which can automatically generate a table of contents for a document
tag a code used in word processing or DTP to denote a feature of a document, such as bold type, the start of a paragraph, or an index word
tape drive a device on which a magnetic tape is mounted in order that information may be transmitted from the tape to the memory of the computer or vice versa template a pre-shaped pattern used as a guide
terminal a VDU screen and keyboard used to interact with a computer, usually with no computing capacity of its own
test suite a set of sentences or phrases in a given language designed to test the effectiveness of a machine translation system
token a unique sequence of bits granting permission to a user to send on a network trackball an upside down mouse. It consists of a ball supported on bearings so that it is free to rotate in any direction. The ball is rotated by the operator to control the cursor and. as with a mouse, there are buttons to click to initiate an action,
transistor a semiconductor device having three terminals that are attached to electrode regions within the device
transmission the sending of a message
trigger set a process in motion
turnkey describing a system in which hardware and software have been delivered by the supplier so that the whole system can be put to immediate use
UNIX an operating system originally developed by Bell laboratories in 1971 for DEC POP 11 minicomputers. UNIX has become very popular and is now implemented on a wide range of hardware,
update modify data held by a computer system
upgrade a later version of software
upgrade replace or modernize software with a later version of the same software user an individual or group making use of the output of a computer system
user-friendly describing interactive systems that are designed to make the user's task as easy as possible by providing feedback
user interface the means of communicating between a human being and a computer
utility program the collection of programs that form part of every computer system and provide a variety of generally useful functions
variable a string of characters used to denote a value stored within a computer which may be changed during execution
VDU visual display unit: the
screen of a computer terminal or PC vertical refresh rate,v3:tikl ri'frej reit [141 the number of times per second that an image is written on a TV or computer screen, measured in kiloHerz
VGA video graphics array: a standard for colour monitors developed bv IBM for their PS/2 range of PCs
virtual reality an attempt to create an artificial world within a computer in which the user can (apparently! move about. This is usually achieved by the user wearing a helmet which covers the eyes and ears and sends visual and oral signals to the user. Special gloves allow the user to manipulate computer-generated items
virus a self-replicating program, usually designed to damage the system on which it lands
virus checking program a program that is used to detect the presence of a virus in memory or on disk
virus scanner a program that detects viruses which have already infected a computer
virus shield a program that detects viruses as they attempt to infect the computer
virus signature the particular features of each computer virus that enable it to be recognized
voice recognition the technology that allows a computer to interpret human speech. This is a part of artificial intelligence studies,
window a type of graphical user interface. Separate tasks are represented by a rectangular portion of the screen called a window. A window may display a menu, and an option on the menu is selected by use of a mouse,
word processing the use of a computer to compose documents with facilities to edit, re-format, store, and print documents
workstation a powerful single-user computer, usually attached to a network worm an entirely self- replicating virus which is not hardware dependent
write-protect tab a notch on a floppy disk which may be covered to prevent the disk being written to
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