2018-01-08
652
I. Read and remember the following words:
involvement – занурення
rhetoric – риторика, ораторське мистецтво
dialectics – діалектика, вміння вести полеміку
to appoint – призначати (на посаду)
prayer – молитва
peculiarity – особливість
treatise – трактат, наукова праця
II. Read and translate the following text:
In contrast to Ancient times, when education aimed for a formation of a valuable citizen, in the Middle Ages the stress was made on the full involvement to the Christian values.
Education was greatly influenced by the church; it was fully religious in its sense. Much attention was paid to mathematics, logic, grammar, music, geometry and astronomy.
There was no separation between elementary, secondary and higher schools. The Catholic Church should have approved all curricula. All subjects were divided into two groups: trivium (grammar, rhetoric, dialectics) and quadrium (mathimatics, geometry, music, astronomy). Teachers were also appointed by the church. Pupils learned prayers by heart, read religious books and learned answers to questions, not knowing the idea. Teachers did not take into account psychical peculiarities of a child; they didn’t have any elementary skills in methodology. Corporal punishment was widely used in the teaching process.
Appearance of higher schools and universities allowed getting more systematic and thorough knowledge. Till 15th century there were 60 universities in Europe and then the number of universities increased. There were 4 faculties: artistic, juridical, medical and theological. Main methods of studies in universities were lectures and disputes. Students did a lot of exercises and wrote written works – treatise. Books were made of paper, so they became cheaper and more available.
Each social class tried to give their children education according to their social level.
III. Find English equivalents for:
середньовіччя, цінності, впливати, релігійний, поглиблений, юридичний, богословський, диспут, доступний, соціальний рівень, фізичний, середньовічний.
IV. Complete the sentences using the text:
1. The stress was made on ….
2. All curricula should have been ….
3. The subjects were divided into ….
4. Teachers were ….
5. Universities allowed to get ….
6. Main methods of studies were ….
7. Each social class ….
V. Match the English words and word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents:
1. valuable citizen a. медичний
2. church b. розділення
3. separation c. уміння
4. to approve d. назначати
5. to appoint e. церква
6. skill f. цінній громадянин
7. medical g. художній
8. artistic h. затверджувати
VI. Single out 5 features, which characterize education in the Middle Ages.
VII. Explain the great influence of the Church on education.
VIII. Read and translate the text using the dictionary:
The Middle Ages
Monks taught boys reading and writing Latin. Latin was very important, because both the Bible and the Church services used that language. Bishops also were teachers at schools, called cathedral schools. Some of the cathedral schools, like the ones in Paris, became great learning centers and universities. Many of the smartest men of the Middle Ages were educated in Paris and also taught there. Students began learning with the seven liberal arts. The liberal arts consisted of Latin grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. A person, who showed that he knew the arts well enough, became a Master of Arts. Students could choose to study either law, medicine, philosophy or theology. Those, who taught this type of education, were known as doctors. Today some universities still offer the same degrees, as the ones in the Middle Ages.
Not only did the church encourage learning, they also encouraged artists and builders to build some of the finest structures in the world and paint beautiful masterpieces. Many of the cathedrals still stand, representing medieval times.
During the Middle Ages girls were not taught to read and write. There were a few organized schools for women in convents, but most girls and women, who learned to read, received home schooling.
