Exercise Translate the following sentences into English using the Modal verbs shall/should (have done)

Section III

Grammar Study

Exercise Study the table and translate the following sentences paying attention to the

Passive voice

1. Heat loss is employed as useful heat. 2. A nuclear reactor’s heat is transferred to steam.

3. Exhaust gases from a gas turbine are used to generate steam for a boiler and a steam turbine.

4. The laboratory was given new equipment. 5. We have been given all the necessary information. 6. The Institute was promised financial support. 7. The fact that these substances slowly attack gold has already been mentioned.8. In the course of further scientific development modern computing machines will be extensively used.

Exercise Put the following sentences into the Passive voice

1. A heat engine produces mechanical power. 2. Nuclear power plants produce about 20 percent of electric generation in the USA. 3. The listeners asked the scientist to give his point of view on that hypothesis. 4. The teachers don’t allow the students to consult grammar books during examinations. 5. His friends did not offer him any help. 6. The students asked the speaker a lot of questions. 7. Young scientists have recently considered this problem.

Exercise Give Russian equivalents of the following sentences paying attention to the Passive voice. Mind negative forms

1. No care and attention is given to protecting forests from fire.

2. No attempts have been made to explain the context distortions.

3. No account was taken of the failure to form complexes with hydrogen.

4. No mention had been made of the particular conditions in which measures to speed up scientific and technological progress should be carried out.

5. At that time no contribution was made to the problem of the origin of life.

Exercise Study the table and translate the following sentences paying attention to the

Modal verbs and their equivalents

1. The Earth’s geothermal resources must be used for the good of mankind. 2. Only a very small fraction of the Earth’s geothermal resources may be profitably exploited. 3. Even though geothermal power is globally sustainable, extraction must still be monitored to avoid local depletion. 4. Heat may come from smaller wells or heat exchangers buried in shallow ground. 5. The heated water can be piped directly into radiators. 6. I could have gone to the conference, but I wasn’t invited. 7. A geothermal heat pump can extract enough heat from shallow ground. 8. If no adequate aquifer is available, an artificial one may be built by injecting water to hydraulically fracture the bedrock. 9. Greater potential may be available from this approach. 10. If they had completed the research, the results would have been discussed at the conference.

Exercise Choose the best Modal verb in each sentence and translate the sentences into Russian

1. An operator may/must be able to respond to an emergency.

2. Fossil-fuel power stations are to/may use a steam turbine generator.

3. A substation has to/may include transformers to change voltage levels.

4. A system operator should/can alter the planned output of the generating facility.

5. The high temperature and pressure can/should cause some rock to melt.

6. Similar operations can/ought to be handled at any speed.

7. Should/May the temperature decrease, the velocity of the electrons will/can decrease too.

8. He had to/might make a lot of experiments.

9. The engineers are to/could begin their experiment this week.

10. The scientists might/must have examined this device.

Exercise Translate the following sentences into English using the Modal verbs shall/should (have done)

1. Открыть окно? 2. Сварить кофе? 3. Надо было сказать ей об этом. 4. Должно быть, завтра будет хорошая погода. 5. Она должна знать его адрес. 6. Не надо было есть мороженое. 7. Чего ради он должен был тебе помогать? 8. Ему подождать вас? 9. Дети, должно быть, любят ее. 10. Чего ради мне туда идти? 11. Почему бы мне туда не пойти?