2020-04-12
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1. Infra-red waves can be stopped by glass.
2. Nobody will be able to translate this text without a dictionary.
3. This substance is to be heated before the experiment.
4. He had to return home as he had left his bag.
5. We can think of heat as a special form of kinetic energy.
6. The Kola Bay and Sea of Okhotsk alone could produce 100 GW with tidal power stations, and the national energy potential from tidal energy can compete with current total energy production
7. New types of plastics had to be obtained for space technology.
8. The second project suggests smaller scale plant, which must use northern part of basin with higher tides.
Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. That steam in then used to turn a turbine generator to make electricity.
2. Ocean thermal energy conversion in currently being used in Japan and Hawaii in some demonstration projects.
3. To control smog, gasoline has been reformulated by oil companies, and cars have been designed that burn gasoline more cleanly and efficiently.
4. The heat of the earth`s atmosphere will be raised by this effect.
5. Industry has developed various applications for the electromagnet.
6. Newton has established his law of gravitation before 1670.
7. The application of electronics changes the entire life of the people.
8. They will be given the new data of the experiment.
9. The speaker was asked a number of difficult questions.
10. Today polymers are referred to as materials of vital importance.
4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do (см. образец выполнения 4).
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1. High- level radioactive waste will be dangerous for the next 100 to 1,000 years.
2. Does combusting fossil fuels with oxygen release water?
3. To control emission, coal-fired power plants, are to be equipped with scrubbers, collectors, etc.
4. We have to plant more trees to remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
5. Computers can do the work more quickly and more accurately than people.
6. The goods are to be delivered by the end of June.
7. The law has to regulate relations between people who neither know nor trust each other and who are in unfamiliar situations.
8. You have to come to the language laboratory to work at your pronunciation.
9. This material does not possess elastic properties.
Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на неличные формы глагола (см. образец выполнения 5).
1. Of the oil consumed in the United States, most is used in transportation.
2. To make the most of this valuable resource, energy producers are developing more efficient refining methods.
3. New techniques of locating and extracting oil from the earth are also making it possible to recover oil that was once too expensive to produce.
4. In general, about 30 percent of the oil trapped can be economically recovered by pumping.
5. As an economy becomes more developed, the energy consumed per person increases.
6. Wood was used not only for heating and cooking, but also as source of charcoal for reducing ores to metals.
7. Coal was difficult to mine with primitive tools.
8. The first fossil fuels to be used were surface deposits of asphalt, peat and coal.
Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 6).
1. Having used a laser beam, scientists obtained accurate calculations of Jupiter’s temperature.
2. The engineers of our institute having developed a new type of semiconductor laser, it was tested at several plants.
3. All machines that have been built by man have some energy «loss», this energy being converted into useless heat due to friction.
4. Working with machines, sharp tools, motors one must always be careful.
5. Knowledge being the most valuable wealth of our times, the information theory became of great importance.
6. The energy used per second is proportional to the frequency.
Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
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OIL
Oil comes from crude oil, which is a mix of hydrocarbons with some oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur impurities. One barrel of oil (42 U.S. gallons) can provide about 6 million Btu. Crude oil reserves are found all over the world, but the Middle East alone has about 63 percent of the known reserves. Of the oil consumed in the United States, most is used in transportation, and much of the rest goes to industrial, commercial, and residential uses. Crude oil is used to produce not only a range of fuels, but also petrochemical ingredients for plastics, inks, tires, pharmaceuticals, and a host of other products.
High-tech oil exploration technology and practices have led to the discovery of as many new reserves as have already been used. To make the most of this valuable resource, energy producers are developing more efficient refining methods, product makers are finding more efficient ways to use petrochemicals, and manufacturers are developing more efficient cars. New techniques of locating and extracting oil from the earth are also making it possible to recover oil that was once too expensive to produce.
Oil is usually recovered by drilling wells through the non-porous rock barrier that traps the oil. In general, about 30 percent of the oil trapped can be economically recovered by pumping. "Secondary" recovery can remove another 10 percent, by flooding the well with high-pressure water or gas. Another 10 percent can sometimes be recovered with "tertiary" methods that heat the oil to scrub it out. About half of the oil is left trapped in the rock. Oil producers are continually seeking economical ways to recover more of this oil.
The oil refining process separates crude oil into different hydrocarbons and removes impurities such as sulfur, nitrogen, and heavy metals. The first step is fractional distillation, a process that takes advantage of the fact that different hydrocarbons boil at different temperatures. In a tall tower called a fractionating column, crude oil is heated until it boils. Horizontal trays divide the column at intervals. As the oil boils, it vaporizes. Each hydrocarbon rises to a tray at a temperature just below its own boiling point. There, it cools and turns back into a liquid.
The lightest fractions are liquefied petroleum gases (propane and butane) and the petrochemicals used to make plastics, fabrics, and a wide array of consumer products. Next come gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel. Heavier fractions make home heating oil and fuel for ships and factories. Still heavier fractions are made into lubricants and waxes. The remains include asphalt.
The refining process then continues, with heavy fractions converted into lighter fractions. In most cases, "cracking" processes are used to transform large (heavy) hydrocarbon molecules and make the smaller, lighter molecules such as gasoline and jet fuel. Better refining technologies have made it possible to produce over 21 gallons of gasoline from a 42-gallon barrel of crude oil-a remarkable advance over the industry's early days, when a barrel of oil yielded just 11 gallons of gasoline.
