Taxation and tax system

     Taxation is the process by which the people pay the expenses of carrying on the government. Many kinds of taxes have been used and are being used throughout the world. The main taxes can be divide into those paid on income and capital, called “direct” taxes and those paid when money is spent, called “indirect” taxes. Indirect taxes are paid on goods and services. The taxes are paid by the shops or manufactures, but then passed on to the consumers in the form of higher prices. The advantage of this tax is that it is directly in line with inflation. If the prices rise, so does the tax.

 

Тема: “Счета и балансы”.

Words:

to create profit and loss statement balance sheet to affect depreciation net worth book value petty cash merchandise

создавать, составлять счёт прибылей и убытков бухгалтерский баланс влиять, отражаться, сказываться на … амортизация стоимость за вычетом обязательств стоимость по торговым книгам малая касса, мелкие суммы товары

profit loss balance to contain rent dividend to reflect assets liabilities note

доход убыток остаток содержать (ся) арендная плата дивиденды отражать актив (ы) пассив (ы) вексель

 

Text:

 

ACCOUNTS AND BALANCE SHEETS

     From the Trial Balance, prepared by the bookkeeper, the accountant creates a Profit and Loss Statement and Balance Sheet.

     A Profit and Loss Statement or a Profit and Loss Account, shows the income or loss of the company for the period. The Profit and Loss Statement is made only on the basis of those accounts of the Ledger which affect the profit and loss of the company. The Profit and Loss Statement may contain the following items:

 

• Sales

• Trading profit

• Depreciation

• Rent received

• Interest paid

• Profit before tax

• Tax

• Profit after tax

• Dividends

• Profit retained

• Earnings per share

 

     The other accounts of the Ledger which reflect the assets, liabilities and capital of the firm, make up a Balance Sheet. This shows the net worth or book value of the company.

Exercises:

№ 1. Translate into Russian:

         profit and loss statement

    balance

    balance sheet

    trading profit

    rent received

    interest paid

    profit before tax

    profit retained

    accounts receivable

    merchandise on hand

 

№ 2. Sum up what the text said about:

         profit and loss statements

    balance sheets

 

№ 3. Fill in the words using the text:

         A profit and Loss Statement … the income or loss of the company for the

    period.

 

    The accountant … a Profit and Loss Statement and Balance sheet.

 

    The Profit and Loss Statement is … only on the basis of those accounts of

     the Ledger which affect the profit and loss of the company.

 

Тема:   “Рыночное  исследование”.

Words:

A market A research A collection A collation Data A consumer A consumption of goods and services A demand for... Primary To observe A questionnaire A postal survey To gain an advantage over...

Рынок Изучение, исследование Сбор Сопоставление, обработка Данные Потребитель Потребление товаров и услуг Спрос на... Первичный Наблюдать Анкета, опросный лист Обзор почты Получить преимущество над...

 

Text:

MARKET RESEARCH

     A market is anywhere that buyers and sellers come together to ex­change goods and services. Market research is of great importance for any business. Market research can be defined as a collection, collation and analysis of data relating to the marketing and consumption of goods and services. For example, firms gather information about the likely consumers of a new product and use the data to help in their decision making process. Market research includes the following aspects:

- a demand for a product

- what style, shape color or Form it should take

- the price people can pay for it

- information about themselves - their age, likes, interests and
       life styles.

     Market research can either be carried out by a firm itself or by a market research agency. The research involves collecting primary data. This is information which has to be collected to gain marketing advan­tages over other firms. Most primary information is gathered by asking consumers questions or by observing their behavior. The most accurate way to do this is to ask or observe all consumers of a particular product. However, this may be either impractical or expensive. That's why there are some other research methods a business can use. Among them are: questionnaires, personal and telephone interviews, postal surveys, obser­vation and many others.

 

 

Exercises:

№ 1. Find in the text these words and expressions:

         Покупатели и продавцы, собирать информацию, иметь большое значение,

    потенциальные потребители, процесс принятия решения, самый точный

    способ, дорогой.

 

№ 2. Answer the following questions using the text:

         What is a market?

    What aspects does it include?

   What research methods do you know?

 

№ 3. Write the words in the sentences:

         Market research … either be carried out by a firm itself or by a market

    research agency.

 

    This information … to be collected to gain marketing advantages over other

    firms.

 

    Market research can be defined as a collection, collation and analysis of data

    relating to the marketing and consumption of goods and services.

 

 

Основная литература:

1. Основы экономики и бизнеса. Шевелева С.А.. Стогов В.Е. – М., 2009 г.

 

2. Сборник контрольных работ по английскому языку. Калашникова О.А. – Краснодар, 2010 г.

3. Учебник английского языка для банкиров, брокеров, менеджеров специалистов по маркетингу. Ковтун Л.Г., Образцова Н.А., Куприкова Т.С., Матявина М.Ф. – М., 2009г.

4. Английский для экономистов. Шевелёва С.А. – М., 2008

 

Дополнительная литература:

1. Русско-английский внешнеторговый и внешнеэкономический словарь под. ред. Ждановой И.Ф. – М., 2011 г.

 

2. Бизнес – курс английского языка. Томас Р. Мокайтис – Ростов-на-Дону, 2012 г.

 

3. Англо-русский экономический словарь. Жданова И.Ф., Вартумян Э.Л. – М., 2009 г.

 

4. Товарная биржа. Англо-русский словарь. Справочник – М., 2011г.