2020-06-08
724
(I)
1.Переведите с английского языка на русский слова и словосочетания, относящиеся к дыхательной системе человека:
2.Прочитайте и запомните следующие слова:
| respiration | [respǝ′reiʃǝn] | дыхание |
| respiratory | [ris′paiǝrǝtǝri] | дыхательный |
| waste products | [′weist ′prɔdǝkts] | продукты распада |
| remove | [ri′ mu:v] | удалять, выводить |
| inhale | [in ′heil] | вдыхать |
| inhalation | [inhǝ′leiʃǝn] | вдыхание |
| exhale | [eks′heil] | выдыхать |
| exhalation | [ekshǝ′leiʃǝn] | выдыхание |
| breathe | [bri:ð] | дышать |
| pass | [pɑ:s] | проходить |
| passage passage-way | [′pæsiʤ] [′pæsiʤwei] | проход воздухоносный путь |
| windpipe | [′windpaip] | дыхательное горло |
| trachea | [trǝ′kiǝ] | трахея |
| bronchus | [′brɔŋkǝs] | бронх |
| bronchial | [′brɔŋkiǝl] | бронхиальный |
| divide | [di′vaid] | делить |
| surround | [sǝ′raund] | окружать |
| involve | [in′vɔlv] | вовлекать, затрагивать |
| involvement | [in′vɔlvmǝnt] | вовлечение |
3. Упражнения:
1).Прочтите следующие пары предложений и переведите их на русский язык:
| We call three major types of blood vessels arteries, veins and capillaries. – Smaller branches of arteries are called arterioles. | |
| The heart pumps the blood into the lung by circulatory system. – From the left heart the blood is pumped into the aorta. | |
| Pulmonary artery divides into two branches. – The upper extremity is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. | |
| The right carotid artery distributes blood to all parts of the right side of the neck, face, head, and brain. – The blood from the aorta is distributed throughout the body. |
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2).Прочтите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык:
| The blood-pressure measurement method is very simple. | |
| The heart wall is composed of two layers. | |
| The arterioles divide into smaller tissue capillaries which are near the body cells. | |
| In this picture you can see the blood vessel size differences. | |
| Smooth muscle tissue predominates in the small arteries and elastic tissue – in the large arteries. |
3).Прочтите следующие слова и переведите их на русский язык:
| Carbon dioxide | [′kɑ:bǝndai′ɔksaid] | |
| Waste products | [′weist ′prɔdǝkts] | |
| Nitrogen | [′naitrǝʤǝn] | |
| Cilium | [′siliǝm] | |
| Nasapharynx | [neizǝ′færiŋks] | |
| Sinuses | [′sainǝsiz] | |
| Pleura | [′pluǝrǝ] |
4.Прочитайте и переведите text:
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Respiration occurs in all living things, both plants and animals. The proper function of this system is perhaps the most important one in the sustaining of life. Interruption of breathing for only a few minutes by suffocation or strangulation causes death. In the human organism, respiration consists of those processes by which the body cells, and tissues make use of oxygen and by which carbon dioxide or the waste products of respiration are removed.
2. Inhaled air contains about 20 per cent oxygen and four hundredths of one per cent carbon dioxide. Exhaled air consists of approximately 16 per cent oxygen and 4 per cent carbon dioxide. Nitrogen, which makes up about 79 per cent of the atmosphere, is not involved in the breathing process. When air is inhaled into the lungs, a portion of the oxygen is passing into the blood and is being circulated through the body. At the same time, carbon dioxide is being diffused out of the blood into the lungs and exhaled.
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3. Air is breathed through either the mouth or nose into oral cavity, or pharynx. It then passes through the voice box, or larynx, into the windpipe, or trachea. The trachea ultimately divides into two smaller tubes, bronchi, one is going to each lungs. The bronchi divide into tiny passage-ways that named bronchioles, which lead directly to minute air sacs, or alveoli. The exchange of life-giving gases is affected through the walls of the alveoli.
| 4. One must know that mechanisms in the upper respiratory tract serve to filter, and warm the air in its journey to the lungs. The hairs, or cilia, in the nostrils, partially filter, out dust particles as does sticky secretion, mucus, which has been produced by mucous cells. It lines the mouth, nasal passages, pharynx and trachea. Cilia in the nasal passages and trachea are effective in helping to remove foreign particles from the upper respiratory tract. 5. Other structures which have been connected with the system include: the laryngeal tonsils, which are masses of tissue in the nasopharynx or posterior portions of the nasal passages (adenoids are infected or diseased laryngeal tonsils); the sinuses, cavities in the bones in the front part of the skull that provide resonance to the voice, and the pleura, a double-walled membrane which surrounds the lungs. 6. When the diaphragm contracts and flattens, it contributes to the extension of the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity. Air is constantly renewing in the lungs. The capacity of the air passages is increasing. Any muscular effort, e.g. even standing up, increases the number of respiration. |
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