Volunteer movement in the world

In the USA, almost half of the population was involved in the volunteer work in 1998, with 48,8% of the adults devoting on average 4,2 hours a week to free work in addition to their primary employment and 79% in total, taking into account teenagers over 14. In Great Britain, the volunteer work takes approximately 2,5 hours a day. In searching for a job or entering a university, it is helpful to an applicant to state that he or she have worked in a respective field as a volunteer In France, 60% participate in the volunteer work on a regular basis, devoting over 20 hours a month to it. In Germany, 34% of the population, that is, every third German is a volunteer devoting over 15 hours a month to this work. In Japan, 26% of people have an experience of volunteer work. 48% out of them are convinced that the volunteer work is very useful for one's personal growth and for the society as a whole. About 33% of the adult population in Ireland are volunteers.

17

Federal union of 50 states

The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental. The south has a subtropical climate. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.The USA is a highly developed industrial country. It’s the world's leading producer of copper and oil and the world's second producer of iron ore and coal. Among them most' important manufacturing industries are aircraft, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, armaments, furniture and paper.Though mainly European and African in origin, Americans are made up from nearly all races and-nations, including Chinese and native Americans.The largest cities are: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San-Francisco, Washington and others. The United States is a federal union of 50 states, each of which has its own government. The seat of the central (federal) government is Washington, DC. According to the US Constitution the powers of the government arc divided into 3'branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the judicial. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.     There are two main politic al parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic.

18

 

The USA

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometers. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea-border with Russia.     The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal area where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population of the country is about 250 million. If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley which is located in Alaska.

America's largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA.

19

Voluntierig in Russia

In all times people would help each other. By the time of the 1917 Revolution in Russia, many traditions of such help had developed within every estate and in society as a whole. For instance, when in a peasant community the parents died in a family, neighbors would take their children in their own families. Or, it was a matter of honor to host a stranger; even the poorest people would give them shelter and share with them their last slice of bread. Merchants and well-off people of other estates founded soup kitchens, asylums, maternity houses and hospices, and it was also an affair of honor. Every person felt personally responsible for others, the unprivileged, the sick, the poor and orphans. Especially widespread was this support at times of social disasters, such as wars and epidemics. Aid to the wounded, donations,founding hospitals and other kinds of free aid - all this was believed to be a nation-wide task,even the czar's family members from their childhood took for granted their participation in nursing the sick in hospitals. Though these traditions discontinued, people feel the need to help others.

20

Polyclinics

If a person falls ill he rings up his local polyclinics and call in a doctor. When his condition isn't very poor and he has no high temperature he will go to the local polyclinics and a physician will examine him there. Sick persons receive a sick-leave. If it is necessary a nurse will come to the patient's house to give him the administered injections or carry out any of the doctor's administrations. If a patient is seriously ill, he willbe hospitalized. In the ill-patient departments of the hospital the patient will be examined and treated with great attention and care. There is no doubt that such a heart; attitude of doctors to the patients helps much in their recovery.Every person of Russia can restore their health and receive preventive treatment in many sanatoriums and rest homes. The effectiveness of such medical institution is seen from the fact that the incidence of diseases among those who have undergone such a course of treatment is reduced by about 50 per cent. At present there are about several thousand of such preventive - treatment sanatoriums in our country.

21

 

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering, without any discrimination based on nationality, race, sex, religious beliefs, class or political opinions.The movement consists of several distinct organizations that are legally independent from each other, but are united within the movement through common basic principles and governing organs. The 1965 International Conference in Vienna adopted seven basic principles which should be shared by all parts of the Movement:

1. Humanity

2. Impartiality

3. Neutrality

4. Independence

5. VoluntaryService

6. Unity

7. Universality

 

 

22

Bad habits

There are also some bad habits which can ruin your health. They are smoking,drinkingalcohol
and using drugs. There are active smokers (those who smoke) and passive smokers. Passive smokers don't smoke themselves, but they inhale the smoke from the cigarettes of those who are active smokers. So the latter make other people breathe smoky, poisonous air. That's not fair, I think. Alcohol influences the brain and a man stops being a man. A great man said that drinking alcohol is a voluntary madness, and I think he was right. Well, there are some alcoholic drinks which in small quantities are all right, for example, champagne, red wine or beer. Now there are such things as alcohol-free beer and wine. They have the taste, but have no danger for health. The usage of drags is a bad habit, too. Many people smoke but cigarettes don't kill so quickly.
Winston Churchill, for example, smoked 20 cigarettes a day and his life was quite long. Alcohol can be taken on the daily basis all man's life without killing. Drugs make people to be addicted to it very quickly - after a few doses. But,later,after a few doses,one can’t live without drugs.They ruin all human organs and one is addicted to die young.To be healthy you must give up all the bad habits or never start them.

23

Healthy  way of life

To be healthy is very important. Health is the man's greatest wealth. Only a healthy man can enjoy his life, work well and be happy. The first rule of the healthy way of life is to have normal weight, not to be overweight, and not to change your weight quickly. It is not natural to lose or gain weight quickly or to look like top models that are too slim. A human body needs about 10% of it to be fat, otherwise it does not work properly. There are two ways of controlling your weight. You can regulate your diet and your exercise.You need to get all types of substances including fat, vitamins. You should eat fruit and vegetables. The English say «An apple a day keeps the doctor away». This is because apples have vitamins and are good for your health. The most important vitamin is vitamin C. It can be found in lemons, oranges and even in cabbage. It is not good to be as thin as a stick, but extra weight can cause serious problems, such as heart problems and diabetes. Fibre can be found in plants.A healthy diet requires you to stop eatig chocolate,pasta,cakes and sweets in big quantities.They have much fat and sugar.A correct diet helps your organism work well and be healthy.It is the second rule.The third rule is regular exercise.Many people jog,walk or cycle in their free time. Physical exercises help you keep fit,have a good gait and figure.They help you lose weight and work out energy. There are a lot of advertisements both on TV and in newspapers of different pills and drops which can help you become slim and slender in two weeks.

24

WHO

Many people do not know what these three letters mean. They even do not read WHO correctly: it means World Health Organization. WHO was founded in 1948.In 1946 The United Nations held an International Health Conference in New York. There the Constitution of WHO was signed by 61 countries. The WHO's constitution states that its objective "is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health." The WHO supports the development and distribution of safe and effective vaccines, pharmaceutical diagnostics, and drugs, such as through the Expanded Program on Immunization. Now there are more than 125 member states. Membership is open to all coun­tries. WHO activities take many forms:

— strengthening national health services,

— preparing more and better health workers,

— controlling or eradicating epidemic diseases,

— protecting mother and child health,

— improving sanitation and water supply, and making all other efforts to raise health levels.

25

My family

My first name is Sergey, my family name is Kravenko and my second name is Yurievich. My family con­sists of my father, mother, sister and cat Boris.My father's name is Yuri. He is 41 years, but he looks much younger. He is a businessman. My dad is a well-educated and well-read person; he has experiences in many fields. That is why it is always interesting to communicate with him, he usu­ally tells many exciting stories, of course, if he has free time.And my mother is 37. Her name is Natalie. She is a good-looking, blond woman. She has large green eyes. I admire her character. She is a housewife. It takes her much time and power to take care of our home. Besides, both my farther and I help her with the housework. I enjoy spending time with my family very much. We often go for walks. That is also the reason I'm fond of traveling with my parents. When I was a child, my father involved me in stamp and ancient coins collec­ting. Now it is my hobby. I am very lucky that I have got such wonderful parents and, of course, I love them very much. My name is Sergey, but my friends call me Seriy. I am 15.I am tall and not bad built. I can say that I'm friendly, kind, generous and honest. I have my own likes and dislikes. I am modest and sometimes shy. For me it is very difficult to cope with people who have such features of character as ego­ism and dishonesty.

26

SPORT IN OUR LIFE

Sport is very important in our life. It is popular among young and old people. Many people do morning exercises, jog in the morning, train themselves in clubs, in different sections and take part in sport competitions. Other people like sports too, but they only watch sports games, listen to sports news. They prefer reading interesting stories about sportsmen. But they don't go in for sports. Physical training is very important. Sport helps people to keep in good health. If you go in for sports, you have good health and don't catch cold. Children and grown-ups must take care of their health and do morning exercises regularly. There are some popular kinds of sports in our country: football, volley-ball, hockey, gymnastics, skiing,skating. Athletics is one of the most popular kinds of sports. It includes such kinds of sports as running, jumping and others. Everybody may choose the sport he (or she) is interested in. There are summer and winter sports. My favourite sport is swimming. I go to the swimming-pool twice a week. But I prefer to rest by the lake or the river and swim there. My friend Kostya goes in for boxing. He is a good boxer and he is a brave and courageous boy. His hobby helps him in his everyday life.

27

Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale is a great English woman. She is a founder of modern nursing. She changed the whole system of hospital organization of the army. She began the reform of the health service in India. She wrote books on nursing. She started the Nightingale Training School for nurses at St. Thomas's Hospital, now one of the finest in the world. Florence Nightingale was born in the city of Florence in 1820. The Nightingales moved in the highest social class. They were very wealthy.They traveled a good deal, and Florence was highly educated in music, art, literature, Latin and Greek. She spoke Italian, French and German with ease, was attractive, and was expected to marry one of the num­erous admirers who came to the Nightin­gales' home. But ever since she was a child she had nursed the villagers and the sick dogs and cats and horses round her home and had had a passion to be a nurse. Her parents were horrified. In her days, nursing was done only by women of the lowest moral class, dirty, drunken creatures. Whenever she was abroad she visited hospitals, she read, secretly, books on nursing, reports of medical societies, histories of hospitals. She spent some weeks as a sister in a hospital in Paris.

28

The great English woman

It was November, 1854, when Florence Nightingale came with thirty-eight women to Scutari. A terrible state of affairs met her.One part of the hospital had been burned and was no longer used. In one part of the building there was a camp for soldiers; in another room horses were kept; a third part was used as a wine shop. The poor soldiers were left with no food. Day after day sick men came to the hospital, until every room was filled. Men lay in rows on the floor, covered with dirt, and no one knew what to do about it...Miss Nightingale and her party of thirty-eight nurses were given some very small and dirty rooms. There was nothing in them except rats, insects, three chairs and the body of a dead Russian officer.Florence Nightingale set herself to work. Day and night she and her thirty-eight nurses were hard at work. Soon the dirty wards were clean and orderly. In a few months Florence Nightingale changed the barracks at Scutari to something like a hospital. The rooms were disinfected; the rats were driven out; the water was clean. In 1856 that she returned home—an invalid for life but she worked as fiercely as she had done at Scutari. In 1907 she was given the Order of Merit.In 1910, a very old, tired woman of ninety, she died quietly in her sleep.

29

The skeleton

The skeleton is composed of bones. In the adult the skeleton has over 200 bones. The bones of the skull consist of cranial and facial parts. There are 26 bones in the skull. The bones of the trunk are the spinal column or the spine and the chest. The spine consists of the cervical, thoracic, lumber and sacral vertebrae and the coccyx.The vertebra is a small bone, which is formed by the body and the arches. All the vertebrae compose the spinal column or the spine. There are 32 or 34 vertebrae in the spine of the adult. In the spinal column there are seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumber, five sacral vertebrae and from one to five vertebrae which form the coccyx. The chest (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12 pairs of ribs. The breastbone is a long bone in the middle of the chest. The lower extremity consists of the thigh, leg and foot. It is connected with the trunk by the pelvis. The upper extremity is formed by the arm, forearm and hand. It is connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle.

30

Тhe United Kingdom of Great Britain

Тhe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244,000 square kilometers.The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast respectively. The capital of the UK is London. There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round.The UK is one of the world's smaller countries. Its population is over 58 million people.About 80% of the population lives in cities.The UK is a highly developed industrial country. The UK is a constitutional monarchy. In law, the Head of State is the Queen. In practice, the Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties.

31

Аt the maternity home

 

Nothing can be more significant than the birth of a new individual. At the maternity home which is the principal midwifery - gynecological es­tablishment in our country the mother and infant are given every care and attention. Maternity homes have modern equipment, including, for exam­ple, a pollyphonocardiograph which shows the electrocardiogram, the phonocardiogram and the encephalogram of the fetus and mother, and an apparatus to render delivery painless.There are usually more beds for mothers at the maternity homes be­cause they admit women not only for delivery but for preservations of pregnancy as well.The infants are kept in separate rooms and are wheeled in to the moth­ers six times a day for breast feeding. There are also special beds where the premature babies are taken care of, the so - called incubators.As soon as the mother and infant are discharged from the maternity home the district baby health center is notified and at the same day a pe­diatrician takes a look at the infant at home. It is very important to help the mother during the first days after a baby is born when the least mistake in feeding or nursing may affect its health.

32

 

London

 

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It's one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8 million.

London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world.Traditionally it's divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. They are very different from each other and seem to belong to different towns and epochs.The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. Westminster is the historic, the governmental part of London.Westminster Abbey has more historic associations than any other building in Britain. Nearly all English kings and queens have been crowned here. Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen. 'The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It's the symbol of wealth and luxury. The East End was once the poorest district of London — with lots of factories and docks, narrow streets and unimpressive buildings. Today, the district is changing very fast. There are huge offices and new blocks of flats in the East End.

33

A diet in pregnancy

Protein.During pregnancy the total caloric needs increase to supply energy for fetal development. A pregnant.woman needs approximately 300 more calories per day than before she becomes pregnant. Women carrying twins will need even more.The extra 300 calories can come from an apple, half a cheese sandwich and a carrot stick. The best way to consume extra calories is healthy snacks eaten between meals.Protein is a component of everybody cell and important for building the maternal blood supply. Protein also is necessary for fetal hair, skin, muscle, nerve tissue and brain development. Calcium and phosphorus are important minerals in fetal-bone development.Requires are1.200 mg of calcium and phosphorus daily. This is a 50 increase over what a woman needed before she became pregnant.Dairy products are excellent sources of both calcium and phosphorus, as well as of vitamin D which is necessary for calcium absorption.Zinc is another mineral needed for fetal growth and development. Good food sources of zinc include meat, liver, eggs, seafood.

Iron builds maternal blood volume and muscle. Foods rich in iron include red meat, especially liver, raisins and fortified breads and cereals.Vitamins.Folic acid is a vitamin important in protein metabolism, particularly in periods of rapid growth. Pregnant woman should start the day with good breakfast - cereal with milk and a glass of orange juice Green leafy vegetables, liver and lentils are other good sourses of folic acid.

34

Our College

       Nalchick Medical College was founded in 1931Now it is one of the best and largest Colleges of Russia It occupies a large and very nice building in Gorky Street.Medical College runs only a full time department there are five departments. Future nurses, midwives, laboratory assistants, pharmaceutists, doctor’s assistants study there. We have a lot of well-equipped and comfortable rooms: of nursing, physiotherapy, hygiene, pharmacology, gynecology, medical and military training and others.The hostel occupies two buildings and it takes only some minutes to get there. The gym hall is on the ground floor. Our library is on the second floor. It contains a lot of text­books and fiction. There is a large reading hall and the students can do their home-task there. The experienced teacher’s staff gives special training and profound knowledge to all the students. Clinical practice is of great importance It is begun in the rooms of preclinical practice. The students have the chance to practice in all the hospitals of Nalchik and other regions of our republic. The doctors and nurses do their best to make them good specialists. The students combine their study with amateur performances, competitions, meetings and parties. Many students enter medical Institutes and faculties after finishing the College. Almost half of the well known doctors finished our college. A lot of them are Doctors and Candidates of Sciences.

35

 

Nalchik

Nalchik is the capital of Kabardino-Balkarsk Republic. Archaeological excavations witness that this territory was inhabited in far ancient times. About the origin of the peoples living here it is known that their ancestors appeared on the historical arena even in the first-second millennium B.C.Nalchik has a population more than 250 thousand inhabitants. In 1939 there lived only 57 thousand people. It was founded as a fortress in 1818. The town is situated at the foot of the Main Caucasus Mountain Range on both Sides of the river Nalchik.The climate in Nalchik is rather mild. In winter usually there are no hard frosts and' no strong winds. In summer it is warm and even hot.The town is especially beautiful when the nature awakens from its long sleep.

You can enjoy a lot of fresh air and the beauty of the streets and parks.

Nowadays Nalchik is a nice modern town with straight tree-lined streets, high - strayed buildings, squares and a large beautiful park which the people of Nalchik are proud of.

Nalchik is one of most important scientific and cultural centers in the North Caucasus.

36

 

Hospitals of the 19-th century

 

Operating rooms were usually in separate buildings so that the other patients in the hospital could not hear the screams of the unhappy patient who was strapped to the operating table Because of the terrible pain, the surgeon had to operate as quickly as possible.The operating tables were little better than kitchen tables. Under these tables was placed a tub of sand to catch the blood from the operation. The instruments were often not even washed. At the end of each operation they were put into a drawer ready for the next one. The surgeon set to work in the clothes he wore every day.Often a barber performed the operation instead of a surgeon.The surgeons were not indifferent or careless. They had simply no understanding at all of the bad effects of dirt. They were very sorry that their patients died so often but they did not connect this with dirt.Indeed nearly half the people died from blood poisoning after operations. A day or two after the operation the wound became red and inflamed the patient had temperature and often died.

 

37

Nalchick Medical College

Nalchick Medical College was founded in 1931Now it is one of the best and largest Colleges of Russia It occupies a large and very nice building in Gorky Street.

Medical College runs only a full time department there are five departments. Future nurses, midwives, laboratory assistants, pharmaceutists, doctor’s assistants study there. We have a lot of well-equipped and comfortable rooms: of nursing, physiotherapy, hygiene, pharmacology, gynecology, medical and military training and others.The hostel occupies two buildings and it takes only some minutes to get there. The gym hall is on the ground floor. Our library is on the second floor. It contains a lot of text­books and fiction. There is a large reading hall and the students can do their home-task there. The experienced teacher’s staff gives special training and profound knowledge to all the students. Clinical practice is of great importance It is begun in the rooms of preclinical practice. The students have the chance to practice in all the hospitals of Nalchik and other regions of our republic. The doctors and nurses do their best to make them good specialists. The students combine their study with amateur performances, competitions, meetings and parties. Many students enter medical Institutes and faculties after finishing the College. Almost half of the well known doctors finished our college. A lot of them are Doctors and Candidates of Sciences.

38

WHO is the service of epidemic warnings

One of the main services carried out by WHO is theservice of epidemic warnings. The five main world epidem­ics of history — plague cholera, smallpox, typhus and yellow fever — are still a great danger in our time of fast sea and air travel.WHO gathers information and broadcasts it daily by radio to health authorities, ports, airports and ships.WHO informs national health services about outbreak of viral diseases such as influenza and poliomyelitis.Besides an epidemic information WHO also provides services which are needed by all the countries, such as international quarantine measures, world health statis­tics, international standardization of medicines and vac­cines, development of medical research and technical publication programs.The daily work of the World Health Organization is carried out by a medical and administrative staff and by international officers from different countries. These officers are stationed at headquarters (H. Q. S) in Geneva, in Regional Offices, or with Special Centers working in every continent.

 

39

WASHINGTON, DC

W

ashington is the capital of the United States of America. It's situated in the District of Columbia and is like no other city in the USA. It's the world's largest one-industry city. And that industry is government. The White House, where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the Supreme Court, are all in Washington.Washington was named after the first US President George Washington. He selected the place for the capital and Pierre L'enfant, a French engineer, designed the city.

Washington was first settled in 1790 and since 1800 it has been the federal capital.Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States. In the very centre of it rises the huge dome of the Capitol. The 535 members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nation's affairs. The White House is the official residence of the US President. He works in the Oval Office.One can hardly find a park, a square or ah open area in Washington without a monument or a memorial. The most impressive and the best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument. There are 5 universities in Washington. There are no skyscrapers in Washington, because they would hide the city's many monuments from view. Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day. People from all parts of the United States come to see their capital.