Exercises

Exercises

1. State the acoustic, articulatory and phonemic differences between /t ʃ, dӡ/ and /tr, dr, ts, tz, θ,dð/.

2. Read these words. Spell them and translate them into Ukrainian

tʃın	tʃaınə	tʃɔp	dӡım	peıdӡ	dӡeın
tʃek	tʃaıld	wɔ:tʃ	dӡın	tʃeındӡ	dӡɔ:dӡ
tʃes	rıtʃ	tʃɔ:k	dӡımı	dӡenı	dӡə:mənı
tʃeın	mʌtʃ	kəutʃ	eıdӡ	dӡæk	dӡu:n

3. Explain the articulatory differences (a) between the English /t ʃ /and the Ukrainian /ч/; (b) between tie English /dӡ/and similar Ukrainian combinations. Subsidiary variants of English consonant phonemes.

1. Read these word combinations and words. Observe (a) loss of plosion, (b) lateral plosion, (c) nasal plosion.

(a)	(b)	(c)
/p/ supped	/p/ people	/p/ open
top people	couple	happen
stop talking	appl	e
/b/	/b/	/b/
rubbed	able	ribbon
ebbed	label	stubborn
/t/	/t/	/t/
he went to see	bottle	written
I want to go	little	bitten
/k/	/k/	/k/
cook clean	tickle	taken
took Kate	cycle	bacon
/d/	/d/	/d/
good day	middle	garden
what day	beadle	pardon
walk down	riddle	warden
/g/	/ g /	/ g /
begged	eagle	dragon
plagued	giggle	wagon
big game	beagle	Morgan

2. Read these words. Observe the character of the voiced consonants (a) in fully voiced position, (b) in initial position, (c) in final position.

(a) /b/	(b) /b/	(c) /b/
labour	balm	ebb
imbue	bee	nib
/d/	/d/	/d/
udder	do	hard
ready	done	hood
/g/	/g/	/g/
agony	go	big
again	gain	beg

3. Read these words. Observe (a) the longer character of the /t ʃ, dӡ/ phonemes in terminal position and (b) the shorter character of the /t ʃ, dӡ/ phonemes. In preterminal position (when they are followed by /t, d/).

(a) each, fetch, match, scorch, pouch, much, liege, ridge, badge, large, lodge, gorge, George;

(b) reached, hitched, fetched, matched, searched, obliged, forged, urged, judged.

4. Read these words. Observe the longer character of the terminal allophones of the /f, v, s, z/ phonemes end their shorter character in initial position.

f - leaf, if, off, cough, half, rough, safe, life

- fee, fill, fence, fan, far, fox, four, fuss, food

v - leave, live, have, of, groove, love, serve

- veal, vest, vulgar, veil, vile, vow, vote, vet

s - face, tennis, various, piece, since, kiss, guess

- sister, sea, sincerely, sick, sitting, see, sake

z - is, his, birds, days, guards, fees, please

- zeal, zebra, zed, zero, zest, zip, Zion, zone, Zouave [zu:uv].

5. Read these words. Pay attention to (a) the palate-alveolar character of the consonant modified by the following phoneme /j/; (b) the post-alveolar character of the consonant modified by the following phoneme /r/; (c) the lateral character of the consonant modified by the following phoneme /l/; (d) the labialized character of the consonant modified by the following phoneme/w/.

(a) beauty, tube, cute, duty, Gus, few;

(b) bright, try, cry, dry, great, fry;

(c) blight, little, clever, middle, giggle devil;

(d) twice, twenty, queen, Gwendolyn, thwart

6. Read these word combinations. Pay attention to the consonant modified by the following interdental /θ, ð/

at the institute and the children

that's the latest news opened the window

on the hook on the radio

at the club about the house

repairs the plug in the bathroom

Recommended Literature on the topic:

Соколова М.А., К.П. Гинтовт, И.С. Тихонова, Р.М. Тихонова. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка. – М.: Владос, 1996. – 285 с.; Соколова М.А., К.П. Гинтовт, Л.А. Кантер и др. Практическая фонетика английского языка. – М.: Владос, 1997. – 384 с.; Leonteva S.F. A Theoretical Course of English Phonetics. – M.: Vyshaya Shkola, 1980. – 271 p.; Babiychuk L.V., Bekhta I.A. Lecture Notes on the English Phonetics. – Lviv: Aral, 2008. – 106 p. Pike, Kenneth L. (1943). Phonetics: A critical analysis of phonetic theory and a technic for the practical description of sounds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; Ladefoged, Peter (1996). Elements of Acoustic Phonetics (2nd ed.). The University of Chicago Press, Ltd. London; Stevens, Kenneth (2000). Acoustic Phonetics (Current Studies in Linguistics). The MIT Press, New Ed edition;

Fant, Gunnar. (1960). Acoustic theory of speech production, with calculations based on X-ray studies of Russian articulations. Description and analysis of contemporary standard Russian (No. 2). Gravenhage: Mouton. (2nd ed. published in 1970); Jakobson, Roman; Fant, Gunnar; & Halle, Morris. (1952). Preliminaries to speech analysis: The distinctive features and their correlates. MIT acoustics laboratory technical report (No. 13). Cambridge, MA: MIT.; Johnson, Keith. (2003). Acoustic and auditory phonetics (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.; Liberman, A.M. (1957). "Some results of research on speech perception". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 29(1): 117–123.; Warren, R.M. (1970). "Restoration of missing speech sounds". Science 167: 392–393.