The Perfect Active Gerund The Perfect Passive Gerund

1. being saved 1. having changed

2. being left 2. having eaten

3. being held 3. having decorated

4. being helped 4. having heard

5. being fetched 5. having gone

C) Give the proper name to each group of the gerunds and find the form that does not belong to the group.

I. II.

1. being unlocked 1. having been brought

2. being used 2. having been taught

3. being plastered 3. having been stolen

4. being fine 4. having been discussed

5. being covered 5. having drawn

6. being fixed 6. having been cleaned

III. IV.

1. whistling 1. having forgotten

2. playing 2. having explained

3. beating 3. having swept

4. being watched 4. having hidden

5. arguing 5. having been treated

6. jumping 6. having thought

Exercise 12. Choose the sentences where the forms of the gerund denote:

1) an action simultaneous with or posterior to the action expressed by the finite verb;

2) an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb.

Note the non-perfect gerunds denoting priority.

MODEL 1: She liked visiting her friends. The gerund visiting denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb liked.

MODEL 2: He told me about having been visited by his friends. The gerund having been visited denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb told.

1. She liked riding a horse. 2. I feel better after being operated on. 3. I regret being rude to your sister. 4. She was tired of washing up. 5. Travelling to work by train takes me an hour. 6. She hates being treated like a child. 7. The boy denied having lost the money. 8. Your parents will mind your having married Jane. 9. My brother will help you in decorating the flat. 10. He disliked going out. 11. He was accused of having changed his position. 12. Talking to Emily is a great pleasure. 13. I am thinking of helping him. 14. You will regret having left your wife. 15. They blamed you for using their phone so often. 16. The window opened without having been knocked at. 17. They thanked him for calling them.

Exercise 13. Choose the sentences where the non-perfect gerund denotes an action: 1) preceding or 2) following the action denoted by the finite verb.

What are the facts determining the meaning of the non-perfect gerund?

MODEL 1: He will never forget taking this exam. The gerundial phrase taking this exam is used after the finite verb of recollection forget. The gerund taking indicates priority.

MODEL 2: She told me about going to London in a couple of days.

The context modifies the meaning of the non-perfect gerund in the phrase going to London in a couple of days. The gerund going denotes an action following the action of the finite verb told.

MODEL 3: On hearing his words she turned back.

The preposition on introducing the gerundial phrase on hearing his words suggests immediate priority expressed by the gerund hearing.

1. On being reminded of his promise he phoned them immediately. 2. His mother thanked us for helping her. 3. We remember missing the train once. 4. On hearing the door bell she ran downstairs to open the door. 5. He should be rewarded for coming to the boy’s rescue. 6. On telling him the truth, I gave him a hug. 7. After thinking a little he sighed with relief. 8. He reproached her father for not being nice enough to her. 9. I don’t feel like playing for this team tomorrow. 10. On seeing us he rushed forward. 11. I am all for making the right decision. 12. After getting rid of this bad habit he felt much better. 13. Our neighbours blamed us for not warning them about it. 14. My friend told me about publishing the dictionary next year. 15. There is some hope of getting this best-seller.

Exercise 14. Translate the sentences where the non-perfect gerund Expresses an action following that of the finite verb. What are the verbs, nouns, adjectives and prepositions which imply reference to a future event?

MODEL: She is looking forward to going to London in the summer. Она с нетерпением ждет поездки в Лондон этим летом. Она очень хочет поехать летом в Лондон.

1. We intended staying there longer. 2. She insists on going sightseeing tomorrow. 3. They agreed to ask for his advice before making some decision. 4. He had no intention of spending the rest of his life working as a taxi-driver. 5. There was little prospect of taking the children to the seaside. 6. His parents objected to spending so much money. 7. My classmates suggested buying flowers for the teacher. 8. Sid was keen on playing chess. 9. Before going to bed you should take a warm shower. 10. There was little hope of catching the train. 11. We had no plan of buying a new flat. 12. The students were looking forward to starting the academic year.

Exercise 15. A) Use the gerund in different forms in the Active Voice.

1. Charles is not used to (to travel) alone. 2. He phoned her without (to ask for someone’s permission). 3. My brother is fond of (to play a trick) on me. 4. I am against (to invite) them to the party. 5. Don’t you remember (to see) him before? 6. (To watch) a cowboy film is a pleasure for any boy. 7. Her father’s hobby was (to collect) ancient coins. 8. Our relatives came back after (to be away) for seven years. 9. Thank you for (to look after) my house. 10. Jane hates (to have) a big breakfast. 11. You should give up (to drink) too much coffee. 12. We had no chance of (to catch) the 5 o’clock train to Manchester. 13. I am afraid you will regret (to shout) at the boy. 14. Ken took his dad’s car without (to warn) him about that.

B) Use the gerund in the Active or Passive Voice.

1. She likes (to interrupt) her mother but she hates (to interrupt). 2. He is used to (to treat) his parents with respect and they like (to treat) in that way. 3. Which is better? (To leave) a large legacy to someone or (to leave) without any? 4. Children are fond of (to ask) hundreds of questions and many parents don’t often feel like (to ask) about anything. 5. Robert insists on (to tell) the truth as he himself is used to (to tell) the truth. 6. Ralph likes (to talk) down to his pals but he is against (to talk) to in that way. 7. We insist on (to send) for as soon as he arrives and on (to send) a telegram to his mother.

С) Use an active gerund. Write out the verbs and adjectives requiring an active gerund in the passive meaning. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The boy deserved (to punish). 2. The room needs (to decorate). 3. The floor wants (to polish). 4. The suggestion was worth (to discuss). 5. The project required (to improve). 6. The house wants (to reconstruct). 7. Her hair needs (to cut). 8. They deserve (to get) a higher salary. 9. The shoes want (to repair). 10. She finds the film worth (to see). 11. Your son needs (to help). 12. The jeans want (to shorten). 13. The watch requires (to fix). 14. The top-student deserved (to get) the prize.

Exercise 16. Use the appropriate form of the gerund. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. (To quote) from memory is a problem for me. 2. Dick hates (to disturb). 3. Tracy opened the door without (to knock) at it. 4. It’s no use (to argue) about tastes. 5. I really regret (to hurt) you. 6. Bobby likes (to treat) like a grown-up. 7. There is some chance of (to get) a cheaper ticket. 8. You can improve the taste of meat by (to pepper) it. 9. Oliver dreams of (to become) a pilot. 10. Don’t forget to switch off the light before (to leave). 11. All of a sudden I remembered (to see) the lady before. 12. On (to tell) the time, he hurried home. 13. They kept on (to discuss) the new television film. 14. If you have an expensive blouse, don’t risk (to wash) it yourself. 15. On (to take) to hospital, she was examined by the surgeon. 16. They decided to visit their boss without (to invite). 17. The television needs (to repair). 18. Avoid (to use) bad words. 19. The set of short stories is worth (to read). 20. I am surprised at (to talk) to like that. 21. You can’t find the way without (to make use) of a map.

Exercise 17. Make up a sentence. Use various forms of the gerund. Translate your sentences. Pay attention to the perfect and voice distinctions of the gerund.

I like	swimming.
	having offended him.
I am (dis)pleased with	being treated like that.
	playing chess.
	being visited by somebody.
He is tired of	finding the house.
	being invited to a concert.
She regrets	having met him once.
I had no difficulty in	having a cold shower.
	being taken to a play.
We remember	getting a letter from her.
He hates	looking round shops.

Exercise 18. Make the following sentences simple. Use a gerund in the required form.

MODEL: I’m sure that she’ll come soon. – I’m sure of her coming soon.

I’m sure that: he’ll come soon; your friend will come soon; the children will come soon; Mike will come soon; Mr. Brown will come soon; he came on time; Mike has already come; Mr. Brown has come.

I’m afraid that: my friend was late; you will be late; Jane may be late; George has been late.

He imagined that: you had lost the key; he had forgotten the text of his speech; you would write him a letter; John didn’t know his address.

Exercise 19. Convert the subordinate clauses into gerundial phrases. Use the proper form of the gerund.

MODEL: I can’t translate this text if I don’t use a dictionary. – I can’t translate the text without using a dictionary.

1. He is pleased that he will invite a lot of people to his party. 2. He is pleased that he invited a lot of people to his party. 3. He is pleased that he is always invited by his friends. 4. He is pleased that he was invited to the party. 5. The letters are sealed before they are posted. 6. After the plants had been trimmed, they were watered. 7. After the plants had been trimmed, the gardener watered them. 8. After the gardener had trimmed the plants, he watered them. 9. The light had gone out again because the electricity is out of order. 10. The light went out again because the lamp hadn’t been repaired. 11. They hate it when the same thing is repeated again and again. 12. They hate to repeat the same thing again. 13. I can’t read the text if I don’t see it properly. 14. The text can’t be read if it isn’t seen.

Exercise 20. Think back to your childhood and talk about some particular things you remember doing. Write three sentences.

MODEL: I remember Mother sitting by my bed, reading some fairy tale to me and then kissing me good-night and switching off the light.

Suggested verbs: to copy; to fall; to go; to bite; to break; to buy; to post; to pay; to play; to phone; to talk, etc.

Exercise 21. Translate into English by simple sentences with gerundial constructions.

1. Я уверен в том, что этот врач дает разумные советы. 2. Я уверен в том, что этот врач дал мне разумный совет. 3. Я уверен в том, что ему дадут разумный совет. 4. Я уверен в том, что ему дали разумный совет. 5. Мы рассчитываем на то, что выберем хорошего президента компании. 6. Мы рассчитываем на то, что выбрали хорошего президента компании. 7. Мы рассчитываем на то, что его выберут президентом. 8. Мы рассчитываем на то, что его выбрали президентом! 9. Студенты настаивали на том, чтобы занятия перенесли на другой день. 10. Студенты настаивали на том, чтобы все участвовали в конференции. 11. Студенты были недовольны тем, что их не допустили к участию в конференции. 12. Студенты были недовольным тем, что их не приглашают на такие конференции.

Exercise 22. Translate the sentences into English. Pay attention to the use of the active and passive forms of the gerund.

1. He люблю, когда мне мешают. 2. Он не привык льстить (to flatter). 3. Она довольна, что с ней разговаривают с уважением. 4. Комнату надо оклеить. 5. Она удивлена, что ее пригласили на банкет. 6. Это прибор для измерения тока. 7. Есть шанс, что меня отправят в Париж. 8. Он бросил курить. 9. Они недовольны тем, что им мало платят. 10. Ты привык вставать и ложиться рано. 11. Они думают, что им помогут родители. 12. У нее было впечатление, что ее обижают. 13. Мыльные оперы не стоит смотреть.

Exercise 23. Translate the sentences into English. Pay attention to the use of the perfect and non-perfect forms of the gerund.

1. Она обвиняет меня в том, что я обманул ее. 2. Это удержало меня от того, чтобы выбрать факультет журналистики. 3. Боюсь, мы помешали соседям. 4. Идея сходить в театр или кино казалась банальной. 5. Она была поглощена чтением романа. 6. Я вспомнил, что когда-то видел это лицо. 7. Никогда не забуду, как однажды беседовал с ним об искусстве. 8. Она навестила нас после многолетнего отсутствия. 9. Сожалею, что сказал Вам неправду. 10. Благодарю вас за помощь нам. 11. Она заслужила наказание. 12. Войдя в комнату, он включил свет. 13. Прежде чем вызвать такси, мы упаковали веши.

Unit 2