Глава 2.Инстинктсилыволи:вашетелорожденосопротивлятьсяпирожным

Ответ «дерись или беги»: Sapolsky R. М. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: An Updated Guide to Stress, Stress Related Diseases, and Coping. 2nd ed. N. Y.: W. H. Freeman, 1998.

Стресс ослабляет префронтальную кору: Arnsten A. F. Stress Signaling Pathways That Impair Prefrontal Cortex Structure and Function // Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2009. Vol. 10. Pp. 410–422.

Ответ «остановись и спланируй»: Pause and Plan: Self‑Regulation and the Heart / S. C. Segerstrom et al. // Motivational Perspectives on Cardiovascular Response / eds. G. Gendolla, and R. Wright. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2011.

Самоконтроль требует сил: Persistent Resetting of the Cerebral Oxygen. Glucose Uptake Ratio by Brain Activation: Evidence Obtained with the Kety‑ Schmidt Technique / P. L. Madsen et al // Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1995. Vol. 15. Pp. 485–491.

Чтобы устоять перед сладостями, надо повысить вариабельность сердечного ритма: Segerstrom, S. С., Nes L. S. Heart Rate Variability Reflects Self‑Regulatory Strength, Effort, and Fatigue // Psychological Science. 2007. Vol. 18. Pp. 275–281.

Вариабельность сердечного ритма выделяет алкоголиков с риском срывов: Ingjaldsson J. Т., Laberg J. С., Thayer J. F. Reduced Heart Rate Variability in Chronic Alcohol Abuse: Relationship with Negative Mood, Chronic Thought Suppression, and Compulsive Drinking // Biological Psychiatry. 2003. Vol. 54. Pp. 1427–1436.

Высокая вариабельность сердечного ритма помогает владеть собой: Heart Rate Variability, Prefrontal Neural Function, and Cognitive Performance: The Neurovisceral Integration Perspective on SelfRegulation, Adaptation, and Health / J. F. Thayer et al. // Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2009. Vol. 37. Pp. 141–153.

Высокая вариабельность сердечного ритма помогает упорствовать: Segerstrom S. С., Nes L. S. Heart Rate Variability Reflects Self‑ Regulatory Strength, Effort, and Fatigue 11 Psychological Science. 2007 Vol. 18. Pp. 275–281. См. также: Geisler F. С. М., KubiakT. Heart Rate Variability Predicts Self‑Control in Goal Pursuit // European Journal of Personality. 2009. Vol. 23. Pp. 623–633.

Депрессия, настроение и вариабельность сердечного ритма: Tayloi С. В. Depression, Heart Rate‑Related Variables and Cardiovascular Disease // International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2010. Vol. 78. Pp. 80–88. См. также: 24‑Hour Autonomic Dysfunction and Depressive Behaviors in an Animal Model of Social Isolation: Implications for the Study of Depression and Cardiovascular Disease / A. J. Grippo et al. // Psychosomatic Medicine. 2010.

Хроническая боль, заболевание и вариабельность сердечного ритма: Self‑Regulatory Deficits in Fibromyalgia and Temporomandibular Disorders / L. S. Nes et al. // Pain. 2010. Vol. 151. Pp. 37–44.

Медитация повышает вариабельность сердечного ритма: Heart Rate Dynamics in Different Levels of Zen Meditation / C. Peressutti et al. // International Journal of Cardiology. 2010. Vol. 145. Pp. 142146. См. также: Central and Autonomic Nervous System Interaction Is Altered by Short‑Term Meditation / Y.‑Y. Tang et al. // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009. Vol. 106. Pp. 88658870.

Дыхание и вариабельность сердечного ритма: Song H.‑S., Lehrer P. M. The Effects of Specific Respiratory Rates on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability // Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 2003. Vol. 28. Pp. 13–23.

Дыхательные упражнении помогают при посттравматиче‑ ских стрессовых расстройствах и зависимостях: The Effects of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmiu Biofeedback on Heart Rate Variability and Post‑Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Pilot Study / T. Zucker et al. // Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 2009. Vol. 34. Pp. 135–143.

Спорт тренирует самоконтроль: Oaten М., Cheng К. Longitudinal Gains in Self‑Regulation from Regular Physical Exercise // British Journal of Health Psychology. 2006. Vol. 11. Pp. 717–733.

Спорт и влечения: Janse Van Rensburg K., Taylor A., Hodgson T. The Effects of Acute Exercise on Attentional Bias Towards Smoking‑Related Stimuli During Temporary Abstinence from Smoking // Addiction. 2009. Vol. 104. Pp. 1910–1917. См. также: Taylor A. H., Oliver A. J. Acute Effects of Brisk Walking on Urges to Eat Chocolate, Affect, and Responses to a Stressor and Chocolate Cue. An Experimental Study // Appetite. 2009. Vol. 52. Pp. 155–160.

Спорт как антидепрессант: Effects of Physical Exercise on Depression, Neuroendocrine Stress Hormones and Physiological Fitness in Adolescent Females with Depressive Symptoms / C. Nabkasorn et al. // The European Journal of Public Health. 2006. Vol. 16. Pp. 179–184.

Спорт и вариабельность сердечного ритма: Heart Rate Variability and Its Relation to Prefrontal Cognitive Function: The Effects of Training and Detraining / A. L. Hansen et al. // European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2004. Vol. 93. Pp. 263–272.

Спорт и мозг: Aerobic Fitness Reduces Brain Tissue Loss in Aging Humans / S. J. Colcombe et al. 11 The Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2003. Vol. 58. Pp. M176‑18 °Cм. также: Aerobic Exercise Training Increases Brain Volume in Aging Humans / S. J. Colcombe et al. // The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2006. Vol. 61. Pp. 1166–1170; Hillman С. H., Erickson К. I., Kramer A. F. Be Smart, Exercise Your Heart: Exercise Effects on Brain and Cognition // Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2008. Vol. 9. Pp. 58–65.

Пять минут упражнений приносят пользу: BartonJ.,PrettyJ. What Is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health?: A Multi‑Study Analysis // Environmental Science & Technology. 2010. Vol. 44. Pp. 3947–3955.

Сон и силы: Effects of Poor and Short Sleep on Glucose Metabolism and Obesity Risk / K. Spiegel et al. // Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2009. Vol. 5. Pp. 253–261. См. также: Knutson, K. L., Van Cauter E. Associatio Between Sleep Loss and Increased Risk of Obesity and Diabetes // Annal of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2008. Vol. 1129. Pp. 287–304.

Недосып и функционирование мозга: Durmer J. S., Dinges D. F. Neurocognitive Consequences of Sleep Deprivation // Seminars in Neurology. 2005. Vol. 25. Pp. 117–129.

Легкая префронтальная дисфункция: Sleep Deprivation Reduces Perceived Emotional Intelligence and Constructive Thinking Skills / W. D. S. Killgore et al. // Sleep Medicine. 2008. Vol. 9. Pp. 517–526.

Недосып и алкогольное опьянение: Performance Impairment During Four Days Partial Sleep Deprivation Compared with the Acute Effects of Alcohol and Hypoxia / D. Elmenhorst et al. // Sleep Medicine. 2009. Vol. 10. Pp. 189–197.

Недосып и стресс: The Human Emotional Brain without Sleep – A Prefrontal Amygdala Disconnect / S.‑S. Yoo et al. // Current Biology. 2007. Vol. 17. Pp. R877‑878.

Восстановление после недосыпа: Prefrontal Hypoactivation and Recovery in Insomnia / E. Altena et al. // Sleep. Vol. 31. 2008. Pp. 1271–1276.

Медитация, сон и зависимости: The Contribution of Mindfulness Practice to a Multicomponent Behavioral Sleep Intervention Following Substance Abuse Treatment in Adolescents: A Treatment‑Development Study / W. B. Britton et al. // Substance Abuse. 2010. Vol. 31. Pp. 86–97.

Самоконтроль и иммунитет: Pause and Plan: Self‑Regulation and the Heart / S. C. Segerstrom et al. // Motivational Perspectives on Cardiovascular Response / eds. G. Gendolla, and R. Wright. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2011. См. также: Segerstrom S. C. Resources, Stress, and Immunity: An Ecological Perspective on Human Psychoneuroimmunology // Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2010. Vol. 40. Pp. 114–125.

Польза релаксации: Stress, Inflammation, and Yoga Practice / J. K. Kiecolt‑Glaser et al. // Psychosomatic Medicine. 2010. Vol. 72. Pp. 113–121.

Спортсмены восстанавливаются быстрее: Diaphragmatic Breathing Reduces Exercise‑Induced Oxidative Stress / D. Martarelli et al. // Evidence‑Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011. Vol. 2011. Pp. 1‑10.

Физиологическая реакция релаксации: Бенсон Г. Чудо релаксации. М.: ACT, 2004.

Исследование стресса: Stress in America / American Psychological Association. 1‑64. Washington, 2010.

Одиннадцатое сентября и стресс: Heart Rate Variability During the Week of September 11, 2001 / R. Lampert et al. // JAMA. 2002. Vol. 288. P. 575.

Одиннадцатое сентября и зависимости: Increased Use of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana among Manhattan, New York, Residents After the September 11th Terrorist Attacks / D. Vlahov et al. // American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002. Vol. 155. Pp. 988–996.

Экономический кризис и стресс: WASA Snacking Satisfaction Survey (10.02.2009‑23.02.2009 Kelton Research, New York). URL: http:// www.wasacrispbread.com/downloads/SurveyFactSheet.pdf. См. также: Current Economic Situation Prompts Increased Smoking, Delay in Quit Attempts Middle and Low‑Income Americans Hit Hardest // American Legacy Foundation. 2008. URL: http://www.legacyforhealth.org/2753.aspx.

Американцы спят меньше: National Sleep Foundation: Sleep in America Poll. Washington. 2008.

Недосып и ожирение: Leproult R., Van Cauter E. Role of Sleep and Sleep Loss in Hormonal Release and Metabolism / eds. S. Loche et al. // Pediatric Neuroendocrinology: Endocrine Development. 2010. Vol. 17. Pp. 11–21.

Недосып похож на синдром дефицита внимания и гиперактивности: Brennan A. R., Arnsten A. F. Т. Neuronal Mechanisms Underlying Attention Defi cit Hyperactivity Disorder // Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2008. Vol. 1129. Pp. 236–245.

Обучение и самоконтроль: Oaten М., Cheng К. Academic Examination Stress Impairs Self‑Control 11 Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2005. Vol. 24. Pp. 254–279.

Сигареты и мороженое: Duffy J., Hall S. M. Smoking Abstinence, Eating Style, and Food Intake // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1988. Vol. 56. Pp. 417–421.

Выпивка и выносливость: Muraven М., Shmueli D. The Self‑Control Costs of Fighting the Temptation to Drink // Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2006. Vol. 20. Pp. 154–160.

Измены худеющих: Gailliot М. Т., Baumeister R. F. Self‑Regulation and Sexual Restraint: Dispositionally and Temporarily Poor Self‑ Regulatory Abilities Contribute to Failures at Restraining Sexual Behavior // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2007. Vol. 33. Pp. 173–186.

Как иссякает самоконтроль: Baumeister R. F., Heatherton T. F., Tice D. M. Losing Control: How and Why People Fail at Self‑Regulatior San Diego: Academic Press, 1994.

Покупательский выбор исчерпывает силу воли: Making Choices Impairs Subsequent Self‑Control: A Limited‑Resource Account of Decision Making, Self‑Regulation, and Active Initiative / K. D. Vohs et al. // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008. Vol. 94. Pp. 883–898.

Мозг устает: Inzlicht М. I., Gutsell J. N. Running on Empty: Neural Signals for Self‑Control Failure // Psychological Science. 2007. Vol. 18. Pp. 933–937.

Лимонад восстанавливает волю: Self‑Control Relies on Glucose as a Limited Energy Source: Willpower Is More Than a Metaphor / М. T. Gailliot et al. // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007. Vol. 92. Pp. 325–336.

Низкий уровень сахара в крови и дурное поведение: Sweetened Blood Cools Hot Tempers: Physiological Self‑Control and Aggression / C. N. DeWall et al. // Aggressive Behavior. 2011. Vol. 37. Pp. 73–80. См. также: Stereotypes and Prejudice in the Blood: Sucrose Drinks Reduce Prejudice and Stereotyping / М. T. Gailliot et al. // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2009. Vol. 45. Pp. 288–290; Depletion Makes the Heart Grow Less Helpful: Helping as a Function of Self‑Regulatory Energy and Genetic Relatedness / C. N. DeWall et al. // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2008. Vol. 34. Pp. 1653–1662.

Энергетические затраты на самоконтроль: Kurzban R. Does the Brain Consume Additional Glucose During Self‑Control Tasks? // Evolutionary Psychology. 2010. Vol. 8. Pp. 244–259.

Нейронная оценка наличия глюкозы: Routh V. N. Glucose Sensing by the Brain: Implications for Diabetes 11 UMDNJ Research. 2007. Vol. 8. Pp. 1–3.

Модель «энергетического бюджета» самоконтроля: Wang X. Т., Dvorak R. D. Sweet Future: Fluctuating Blood Glucose Levels Affect Future Discounting // Psychological Science. 2010. Vol. 21. Pp. 183–188.

Люди делают более смелые вложения, когда голодны: Metabolic State Alters Economic Decision Making under Risk in Humans / M. Symmonds et al. 11 PLoS ONE. 2010. Vol. 5. P. el 1090.

Голодные люди более заинтересованы в измене: Gailliot М. Т. Hunger Impairs and Food Improves Self‑Control in the Laboratory and Across the World: The Hyperbole of Reducing World Hunger as a Self‑Control Panacea. 2011 (under review).

Хорошее руководство к диете для увеличения самоконтроля: Pollan М. Food Rules: An Eaters Manual. N. Y.: Penguin, 2009.

Установка сроков укрепляет самоконтроль: Oaten М., Cheng К. Improved Self‑Control: The Benefits of a Regular Program of Academic Study 11 Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 2006. Vol. 28. Pp. 1‑16.

Примеры программ, обучающих самоконтролю: Self‑Regulation and Personality: How Interventions Increase Regulatory Success, and How Depletion Moderates the Effects of Traits on Behavior / R. F. Baumeister et al. // Journal of Personality. 2006. Vol. 74. Pp. 1773–1801. См. также Muraven М., Baumeister R. F., Tice D. M. Longitudinal Improvement of Self‑Regulation through Practice: Building Self‑Control Strength through Repeated Exercise // The Journal of Social Psychology. 1999. Vol. 139. Pp. 446–457; Muraven М. Building Self‑Control Strength: Practicing Self‑Control Leads to Improved Self‑Control Performance // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2010. Vol. 46. Pp. 465–468; Oaten М., Cheng K. Improvements in Self‑Control from Financial Monitoring // Journal of Economic Psychology. 2007. Vol. 28. Pp. 487–501.

Тренировка силы воли для сокращения домашнего насилия: Self‑ Regulatory Failure and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration / E. J. Finkel et al. // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2009. Vol. 97. Pp. 483–499.

Устоятьпередконфеткой,чтобыукрепитьсамоконтроль: Tempt Me Just a Little Bit More: The Effect of Prior Food Temptation Actionability on Goal Activation and Consumption / K. Geyskens et al. // Journal of Consumer Research. 2008. Vol. 35. Pp. 600–610. Почему мы устаем: Noakes T. D., St. Clair Gibson A., Lambert E. V. From Catastrophe to Complexity: A Novel Model of Integrative Central Neural Regulation of Effort and Fatigue During Exercise in Humans: Summary and Conclusions // British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2005. Vol. 39. Pp. 120–124.

Усталость как эмоция: Noakes T. D., Peltonen J. E., Rusko H. K. Evidence That a Central Governor Regulates Exercise Performance During Acute Hypoxia and Hyperoxia // The Journal of Experimental Biology. 2001. Vol. 204. Pp. 3225–3234.

Атлеты силы воли не знают усталости: Job V., Dweck С. S., Walton G. M. Ego Depletion – Is It All in Your Head? Implicit Theories About Willpower Affect Self‑Regulation // Psychological Science. 2010. Vol. 21. Pp. 1686–1693.

Заинтересованность помогает преодолеть усталость: Muraven М., Slessareva Е. Mechanisms of Self‑Control Failure: Motivation and Limited Resources // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2003. Vol. 29. Pp. 894–906.

Игра «Лес»: Crelley D., Lea S., Fisher P. Ego Depletion and the Tragedy of the Commons: Self Regulation Fatigue in Public Goods Games // World Meeting of the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology and the Society for Advancement of Behavioral Economics, 2008, Rome.

Красочный рассказ о трагедии острова Пасхи: Diamond J. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. N. Y.: Viking, 2004. Экономическая модель: Bologna,MFlores J. C. A Simple Mathematical Model of Society Collapse Applied to Easter Island // EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2008. Vol. 81. Pp. 480–486.

«Архитектура выборов»: Thaler R. H., Sunstein C. R. Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. N. Y.: Knopf, 2008.

Расположение товара увеличивает число полезных приобретений: Just D. R., Wan‑ sink В. Smarter Lunchrooms: Using Behavioral Economics to Improve Meal Selection // Choices. 2009. Vol. 24.