Boyle's law

Boyle's law (sometimes referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law, or Mariotte's law) is an experimental gas law which describes how the pressure of a gas tends to decrease as the volume of a gas increases. A modern statement of Boyle's law is The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if the temperature and amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed system.

Mathematically, Boyle's law can be stated as

where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, and k is a constant.

The equation states that product of pressure and volume is a constant for a given mass of confined gas as long as the temperature is constant. For comparing the same substance under two different sets of condition, the law can be usefully expressed as

The equation shows that, as volume increases, the pressure of the gas decreases in proportion. Similarly, as volume decreases, the pressure of the gas increases. The law was named after chemist and physicist Robert Boyle, who published the original law in 1662.

Explain the following picture:

Write definitions of the following terms: gas, volume, constant,Atom, Boyle's law.

Физика және математика кафедрасының отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __18_____ ____03______ 2015 ж.

Кафедра меңгерушісі:____________ Кульжумиева А.А.

Факультеттің ОӘК отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __19____ ____03_____ 2015 ж.

Факультеттің ОӘК төрағасы: _________ Иксебаева Ж.С.

М. Өтемісов атындағы Батыс Қазақстан мемлекеттік университеті

Факультет: физика-математика

Кафедра: физика және Физика

Шифр, мамандық: 5В011000 – Физика

Пән: Кәсіби бағытталған шетел тілі

Билет №14

Read and retell the text:

Calculus

Calculus is the mathematical study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. It has two major branches, differential calculus (concerning rates of change and slopes of curves), and integral calculus (concerning accumulation of quantities and the areas under and between curves); these two branches are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Both branches make use of the fundamental notions of convergence of infinite sequences and infinite series to a well-defined limit. Generally, modern calculus is considered to have been developed in the 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz. Today, calculus has widespread uses in science, engineering and economics and can solve many problems that algebra alone cannot.

Calculus is a part of modern mathematics education. A course in calculus is a gateway to other, more advanced courses in mathematics devoted to the study of functions and limits, broadly called mathematical analysis. Calculus has historically been called "the calculus of infinitesimals", or "infinitesimal calculus". The word "calculus" comes from Latin (calculus) and refers to a small stone used for counting. More generally, calculus (plural calculi) refers to any method or system of calculation guided by the symbolic manipulation of expressions. Some examples of other well-known calculi are propositional calculus, calculus of variations, lambda calculus, and process calculus.

Explain the following scheme:

Write definitions of the following terms: calculus, volume, constant,Atom, Boyle's law.

Физика және математика кафедрасының отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __18_____ ____03______ 2015 ж.

Кафедра меңгерушісі:____________ Кульжумиева А.А.

Факультеттің ОӘК отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __19____ ____03_____ 2015 ж.

Факультеттің ОӘК төрағасы: _________ Иксебаева Ж.С.

М. Өтемісов атындағы Батыс Қазақстан мемлекеттік университеті

Факультет: физика-математика

Кафедра: физика және Физика

Шифр, мамандық: 5В011000 – Физика

Пән: Кәсіби бағытталған шетел тілі

Билет №15

Read and retell the text:

Cathode

A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device. This definition is sometimes remembered using the mnemonic CCD for cathode current departs. A conventional current describes the direction in which positive electronic charges move.

Cathode polarity with respect to the anode can be positive or negative; it depends on how the device operates. Although positively charged cations always move towards the cathode (hence their name) and negatively charged anions move away from it, cathode polarity depends on the device type, and can even vary according to the operating mode. In a device which takes energy (such as recharging a battery), the cathode is negative, and in a device which provides energy (such as discharging a battery), the cathode is positive:

· In a discharging battery or a galvanic cell, the cathode is the positive terminal since that is where the current flows out of the device.

· In a recharging battery, or an electrolytic cell performing electrolysis, the cathode is the negative terminal, from which current exits the device and returns to the external generator.

· In a diode, the cathode is the negative terminal at the pointed end of the arrow symbol, where current flows out of the device.

· In vacuum tubes (including cathode ray tubes) it is the negative terminal where electrons enter the device from the external circuit and proceed into the tube's near vacuum, constituting a positive current flowing out of the device.

Explain the following scheme:

Write definitions of the following terms: electrons, cathode, vacuum tubes, electronic charges, mnemonic cathode.

Физика және математика кафедрасының отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __18_____ ____03______ 2015 ж.

Кафедра меңгерушісі:____________ Кульжумиева А.А.

Факультеттің ОӘК отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __19____ ____03_____ 2015 ж.

Факультеттің ОӘК төрағасы: _________ Иксебаева Ж.С.

М. Өтемісов атындағы Батыс Қазақстан мемлекеттік университеті

Факультет: физика-математика

Кафедра: физика және Физика

Шифр, мамандық: 5В011000 – Физика

Пән: Кәсіби бағытталған шетел тілі

Билет №16

Read and retell the text:

Celsius

Celsius, historically known as centigrade, is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale. The degree Celsius (°C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval, a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty. Before being renamed to honor Anders Celsius in 1948, the unit was called centigrade, from the Latin centum, which means 100, and gradus, which means steps.

From 1744 until 1954, 0 °C was defined as the freezing point of water and 100 °C was defined as the boiling point of water, both at a pressure of one standard atmosphere with mercury being the working material. Although these defining correlations are commonly taught in schools today, by international agreement the unit "degree Celsius" and the Celsius scale are currently defined by two different temperatures: absolute zero, and the triple point of VSMOW (specially purified water). This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature with symbol K. Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible, is defined as being precisely 0 K and −273.15 °C. The temperature of the triple point of water is defined as precisely 273.16 K and 0.01 °C.

Explain the following scheme:

1°C = 1 K = 9⁄5°F = 9⁄5°R

Write definitions of the following terms: temperature, atmosphere, the Kelvin scale,absolute zero, thermodynamic temperature.

Физика және математика кафедрасының отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __18_____ ____03______ 2015 ж.

Кафедра меңгерушісі:____________ Кульжумиева А.А.

Факультеттің ОӘК отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __19____ ____03_____ 2015 ж.

Факультеттің ОӘК төрағасы: _________ Иксебаева Ж.С.

М. Өтемісов атындағы Батыс Қазақстан мемлекеттік университеті

Факультет: физика-математика

Кафедра: физика және Физика

Шифр, мамандық: 5В011000 – Физика

Пән: Кәсіби бағытталған шетел тілі

Билет №17

Read and retell the text:

Center of mass

In physics, the center of mass of a distribution of mass in space is the unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass sums to zero. The distribution of mass is balanced around the center of mass and the average of the weighted position coordinates of the distributed mass defines its coordinates. Calculations in mechanics are often simplified when formulated with respect to the center of mass.

In the case of a single rigid body, the center of mass is fixed in relation to the body, and if the body has uniform density, it will be located at the centroid. The center of mass may be located outside the physical body, as is sometimes the case for hollow or open-shaped objects, such as a horseshoe. In the case of a distribution of separate bodies, such as the planets of the Solar System, the center of mass may not correspond to the position of any individual member of the system.

The center of mass is a useful reference point for calculations in mechanics that involve masses distributed in space, such as the linear and angular momentum of planetary bodies and rigid body dynamics. In orbital mechanics, the equations of motion of planets are formulated as point masses located at the centers of mass. The center of mass frame is an inertial frame in which the center of mass of a system is at rest with respect to the origin of the coordinate system.

Explain the following scheme:

Write definitions of the following terms: mass, centroid, center of mass,absolute zero, thermodynamic temperature.

Физика және математика кафедрасының отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __18_____ ____03______ 2015 ж.

Кафедра меңгерушісі:____________ Кульжумиева А.А.

Факультеттің ОӘК отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __19____ ____03_____ 2015 ж.

Факультеттің ОӘК төрағасы: _________ Иксебаева Ж.С.

М. Өтемісов атындағы Батыс Қазақстан мемлекеттік университеті

Факультет: физика-математика

Кафедра: физика және Физика

Шифр, мамандық: 5В011000 – Физика

Пән: Кәсіби бағытталған шетел тілі

Билет №18

Read and retell the text:

Center of gravity

Center of gravity is the point in a body around which the resultant torque due to gravity forces vanishes. Where a gravity field can be considered to be uniform, the mass-center and the center-of-gravity will be the same. However for satellites in orbit around a planet, in the absence of other torques being applied to a satellite, the slight variation (gradient) in gravitational field between closer-to (stronger) and further-from (weaker) the planet can lead to a torque that will tend to align the satellite such that its long axis is vertical. In such a case, it is important to make the distinction between the center-of-gravity and the mass-center. Any horizontal offset between the two will result in an applied torque.

It is useful to note that the mass-center is a fixed property for a given rigid body (e.g. with no slosh or articulation), whereas the center-of-gravity may, in addition, depend upon its orientation in a non-uniform gravitational field. In the latter case, the center-of-gravity will always be located somewhat closer to the main attractive body as compared to the mass-center, and thus will change its position in the body of interest as its orientation is changed.

In the study of the dynamics of aircraft, vehicles and vessels, forces and moments need to be resolved relative to the mass center. That is true independent of whether gravity itself is a consideration. Referring to the mass-center as the center-of-gravity is something of a colloquialism, but it is in common usage and when gravity gradient effects are negligible, center-of-gravity and mass-center are the same and are used interchangeably.

Explain the following formula:

Write definitions of the following terms: mass, centroid, center of mass,center of gravity, mass-center.

Физика және математика кафедрасының отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __18_____ ____03______ 2015 ж.

Кафедра меңгерушісі:____________ Кульжумиева А.А.

Факультеттің ОӘК отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __19____ ____03_____ 2015 ж.

Факультеттің ОӘК төрағасы: _________ Иксебаева Ж.С.

М. Өтемісов атындағы Батыс Қазақстан мемлекеттік университеті

Факультет: физика-математика

Кафедра: физика және Физика

Шифр, мамандық: 5В011000 – Физика

Пән: Кәсіби бағытталған шетел тілі

Билет №19

Read and retell the text:

Centrifugal force

Centrifugal force (from Latin centrum, meaning "center", and fugere, meaning "to flee") is the apparent force that draws a rotating body away from the center of rotation. It is caused by the inertia of the body. In Newtonian mechanics, the term centrifugal force is used to refer to one of two distinct concepts: an inertial force (also called a "fictitious" force) observed in a non-inertial reference frame, and also sometimes to the equal and opposite reaction to a centripetal force in any reference frame (as per Newton's third law of motion).

The concept of centrifugal force is applied in rotating devices such as centrifuges, centrifugal pumps, centrifugal governors, centrifugal clutches, etc., as well as in centrifugal railways, planetary orbits, banked curves, etc. Some aspects of these situations can be analyzed in terms of the fictitious force in the rotating coordinate system, while other aspects additionally require the involvement of the reactive centrifugal force, otherwise called a normal reaction.

Explain the following picture:

Write definitions of the following terms: centrifugal force, centroid, center of mass,Newton's third law, mass-center.

Физика және математика кафедрасының отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __18_____ ____03______ 2015 ж.

Кафедра меңгерушісі:____________ Кульжумиева А.А.

Факультеттің ОӘК отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __19____ ____03_____ 2015 ж.

Факультеттің ОӘК төрағасы: _________ Иксебаева Ж.С.

М. Өтемісов атындағы Батыс Қазақстан мемлекеттік университеті

Факультет: физика-математика

Кафедра: физика және Физика

Шифр, мамандық: 5В011000 – Физика

Пән: Кәсіби бағытталған шетел тілі

Билет №20

Read and retell the text:

Circle

A circle is a simple shape in Euclidean geometry. It is the set of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the centre; equivalently it is the curve traced out by a point that moves so that its distance from a given point is constant. The distance between any of the points and the centre is called the radius.

A circle is a simple closed curve which divides the plane into two regions: an interior and an exterior. In everyday use, the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the figure, or to the whole figure including its interior; in strict technical usage, the circle is the former and the latter is called a disk.

A circle may also be defined as a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident and the eccentricity is 0, or the two-dimensional shape enclosing the most area per unit perimeter, using calculus of variations.

Explain the following picture:

Write definitions of the following terms: curve, circle, center of mass,center of gravity, mass-center.

Физика және математика кафедрасының отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __18_____ ____03______ 2015 ж.

Кафедра меңгерушісі:____________ Кульжумиева А.А.

Факультеттің ОӘК отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __19____ ____03_____ 2015 ж.

Факультеттің ОӘК төрағасы: _________ Иксебаева Ж.С.

М. Өтемісов атындағы Батыс Қазақстан мемлекеттік университеті

Факультет: физика-математика

Кафедра: физика және Физика

Шифр, мамандық: 5В011000 – Физика

Пән: Кәсіби бағытталған шетел тілі

Билет №21

Read and retell the text:

Convection

Convection is the concerted, collective movement of groups or aggregates of molecules within fluids (e.g., liquids, gases) and rheids, either through advection or through diffusion or as a combination of both of them. Convection of mass cannot take place in solids, since neither bulk current flows nor significant diffusion can take place in solids. Diffusion of heat can take place in solids, but that is called heat conduction. Convection can be demonstrated by placing a heat source (e.g. a Bunsen burner) at the side of a glass full of a liquid, and observing the changes in temperature in the glass caused by the warmer fluid moving into cooler areas.

Convective heat transfer is one of the major types of heat transfer, and convection is also a major mode of mass transfer in fluids. Convective heat and mass transfer take place both by diffusion – the random Brownian motion of individual particles in the fluid – and by advection, in which matter or heat is transported by the larger-scale motion of currents in the fluid. In the context of heat and mass transfer, the term "convection" is used to refer to the sum of advective and diffusive transfer. In common use the term "convection" may refer loosely to heat transfer by convection, as opposed to mass transfer by convection, or the convection process in general. Sometimes "convection" is even used to refer specifically to "free heat convection" (natural heat convection) as opposed to forced heat convection. However, in mechanics the correct use of the word is the general sense, and different types of convection should be qualified for clarity.

Explain the following scheme:

Write definitions of the following terms: curve, circle, center of mass,center of gravity, mass-center.

Физика және математика кафедрасының отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __18_____ ____03______ 2015 ж.

Кафедра меңгерушісі:____________ Кульжумиева А.А.

Факультеттің ОӘК отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __19____ ____03_____ 2015 ж.

Факультеттің ОӘК төрағасы: _________ Иксебаева Ж.С.

М. Өтемісов атындағы Батыс Қазақстан мемлекеттік университеті

Факультет: физика-математика

Кафедра: физика және Физика

Шифр, мамандық: 5В011000 – Физика

Пән: Кәсіби бағытталған шетел тілі

Билет №22

Read and retell the text:

Weather

Some more localized phenomena than global atmospheric movement are also due to convection, including wind and some of the hydrologic cycle. For example, a foehn wind is a down-slope wind which occurs on the downwind side of a mountain range. It results from the adiabatic warming of air which has dropped most of its moisture on windward slopes. Because of the different adiabatic lapse rates of moist and dry air, the air on the leeward slopes becomes warmer than at the same height on the windward slopes.

A thermal column (or thermal) is a vertical section of rising air in the lower altitudes of the Earth's atmosphere. Thermals are created by the uneven heating of the Earth's surface from solar radiation. The Sun warms the ground, which in turn warms the air directly above it. The warmer air expands, becoming less dense than the surrounding air mass, and creating a thermal low. The mass of lighter air rises, and as it does, it cools by expansion at lower air pressures. It stops rising when it has cooled to the same temperature as the surrounding air. Associated with a thermal is a downward flow surrounding the thermal column. The downward moving exterior is caused by colder air being displaced at the top of the thermal. Another convection-driven weather effect is the sea breeze.

Explain the following picture:

Write definitions of the following terms: thermal column, circle, center of mass,center of gravity, mass-center.

Физика және математика кафедрасының отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __18_____ ____03______ 2015 ж.

Кафедра меңгерушісі:____________ Кульжумиева А.А.

Факультеттің ОӘК отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __19____ ____03_____ 2015 ж.

Факультеттің ОӘК төрағасы: _________ Иксебаева Ж.С.

М. Өтемісов атындағы Батыс Қазақстан мемлекеттік университеті

Факультет: физика-математика

Кафедра: физика және Физика

Шифр, мамандық: 5В011000 – Физика

Пән: Кәсіби бағытталған шетел тілі

Билет №23

Read and retell the text:

Oceanic circulation

Solar radiation affects the oceans: warm water from the Equator tends to circulate toward the poles, while cold polar water heads towards the Equator. The surface currents are initially dictated by surface wind conditions. The trade winds blow westward in the tropics, and the westerlies blow eastward at mid-latitudes. This wind pattern applies a stress to the subtropical ocean surface with negative curl across the Northern Hemisphere, and the reverse across the Southern Hemisphere. The resulting Sverdrup transport is equatorward. Because of conservation of potential vorticity caused by the poleward-moving winds on the subtropical ridge's western periphery and the increased relative vorticity of poleward moving water, transport is balanced by a narrow, accelerating poleward current, which flows along the western boundary of the ocean basin, outweighing the effects of friction with the cold western boundary current which originates from high latitudes. The overall process, known as western intensification, causes currents on the western boundary of an ocean basin to be stronger than those on the eastern boundary.

As it travels poleward, warm water transported by strong warm water current undergoes evaporative cooling. The cooling is wind driven: wind moving over water cools the water and also causes evaporation, leaving a saltier brine. In this process, the water becomes saltier and denser. and decreases in temperature. Once sea ice forms, salts are left out of the ice, a process known as brine exclusion. These two processes produce water that is denser and colder.

Explain the following picture:

Write definitions of the following terms: thermal column, circulation, process,center of gravity, mass-center.

Физика және математика кафедрасының отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __18_____ ____03______ 2015 ж.

Кафедра меңгерушісі:____________ Кульжумиева А.А.

Факультеттің ОӘК отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __19____ ____03_____ 2015 ж.

Факультеттің ОӘК төрағасы: _________ Иксебаева Ж.С.

М. Өтемісов атындағы Батыс Қазақстан мемлекеттік университеті

Факультет: физика-математика

Кафедра: физика және Физика

Шифр, мамандық: 5В011000 – Физика

Пән: Кәсіби бағытталған шетел тілі

Билет №24

Read and retell the text:

Mantle convection

Mantle convection is the slow creeping motion of Earth's rocky mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior of the earth to the surface. It is the driving force that causes tectonic plates to move around the Earth's surface.

The Earth's surface is divided into a number of tectonic plates that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite plate boundaries. Creation (accretion) occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate. This hot added material cools down by conduction and convection of heat. At the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of subduction at an ocean trench. This subducted material sinks to some depth in the Earth's interior where it is prohibited from sinking further. The subducted oceanic crust triggers volcanism.

Stack effect

The Stack effect or chimney effect is the movement of air into and out of buildings, chimneys, flue gas stacks, or other containers due to buoyancy. Buoyancy occurs due to a difference in indoor-to-outdoor air density resulting from temperature and moisture differences. The greater the thermal difference and the height of the structure, the greater the buoyancy force, and thus the stack effect. The stack effect helps drive natural ventilation and infiltration. Some cooling towers operate on this principle; similarly the solar updraft tower is a proposed device to generate electricity based on the stack effect.

Explain the following picture:

Write definitions of the following terms: stack effect, circle, center of mass,center of gravity, mantle convection.

Физика және математика кафедрасының отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __18_____ ____03______ 2015 ж.

Кафедра меңгерушісі:____________ Кульжумиева А.А.

Факультеттің ОӘК отырысында қаралып, бекітілген.

Хаттама № «7» __19____ ____03_____ 2015 ж.

Факультеттің ОӘК төрағасы: _________ Иксебаева Ж.С.

М. Өтемісов атындағы Батыс Қазақстан мемлекеттік университеті

Факультет: физика-математика

Кафедра: физика және Физика

Шифр, мамандық: 5В011000 – Физика

Пән: Кәсіби бағытталған шетел тілі

Билет №25

Read and retell the text:

Critical mass

A critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. The critical mass of a fissionable material depends upon its nuclear properties (specifically, the nuclear fission cross-section), its density, its shape, its enrichment, its purity, its temperature, and its surroundings. The concept is important in nuclear weapon design.

When a nuclear chain reaction in a mass of fissile material is self-sustaining, the mass is said to be in a critical state in which there is no increase or decrease in power, temperature, or neutron population.

A numerical measure of a critical mass is dependent on the effective neutron multiplication factor k, the average number of neutrons released per fission event that go on to cause another fission event rather than being absorbed or leaving the material. When k=1, the mass is critical, and the chain reaction is barely self-sustaining.

A subcritical mass is a mass of fissile material that does not have the ability to sustain a fission chain reaction. A population of neutrons introduced to a subcritical assembly will exponentially decrease. In this case, k<1. A steady rate of spontaneous fissions causes a proportionally steady level of neutron activity. The constant of proportionality increases as k increases.

A supercritical mass is one where there is an increasing rate of fission. The material may settle into equilibrium (i.e. become critical again) at an elevated temperature/power level or destroy itself, by which equilibrium is reached. In the case of supercriticality, k>1.