The beginning of a river

The start of a river is called its "source" or its "headwaters". The part of the river that is near the source is called a "young" or "youthful river". A young river is often in a V-shaped river bed, and flows quickly downhill over stones, and around big rocks. Young rivers often have lots of small waterfalls and rapids.

The source of a river may be a spring, often on a hill, mountain, or another high place. A spring is water that flows out from under the ground.

The source of a river may be a lake where lots of water from small streams gathers when it rains or snows.

A river may begin in mountains where there is snow. The melting snow runs together to form a small stream that runs down the mountain. As more little streams run in, the main stream gets bigger, until it forms a river.

Some rivers flow from hills where there is no snow, but lots of rain.

Some rivers only flow after there has been rain at the "headwaters".

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание №2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику.

1. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice) видовременных форм Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.

2. Неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив в функции: а) подлежащего, б) составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) дополнения и е) обстоятельства цели.

3. Сложные формы инфинитива и причастия.

4. Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот; независимый (самостоятельный) причастный оборот.

Образец выполнения 1 задания:

The students were given methodical instructions.

Студентам дали методические указания.

Past Indefinite Passive

Образец выполнения 3 задания:

We want the method to be applied at their plant. This method is reported to be applied at their plant.

Мы хотим, чтобы этот метод применяли на их заводе. Сообщают, что этот метод применяется на их заводе.

Образец выполнения 4 задания:

1. Having done a given number of operations, the machine stopped automatically. 2. A given number of operations having been done, the machine stopped automatically.

Проделав заданное количество операций, машина автоматически остановилась. После того, как было проделано заданное количество операций, машина автоматически остановилась.

Вариант № 1

I. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола- сказуемого, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Many wonderful discoveries have been made by the scientists.

2. I helped the gardener in the garden.

3. The atomic equipment is being installed in our laboratory.

4. A new house was built near the park last year.

5. The problem of mechanization will be discussed at the conference.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, найдите и подчеркните инфинитив и причастие, определите функцию инфинитива и причастия в предложении.

1. She never misses a chance to show her importance.

2. Vegetables grown in hot- houses are not very rich in taste.

3. To say such a thing to a child was ridiculous.

4. Knowing how fond he is of good music, I brought him a few records.

5. Our plan was to travel on foot.

6. We stopped to buy her flowers.

7. Look! He is dancing with Olga!

8. In order to speak to Ivanov you must come at 5 o'clock.

III. Перепишите предложения, найдите и подчеркните объективный и субъективный инфинитивные обороты, переведите на русский язык.

1. This method is said to have many advantages.

2. The performance is expected to be a success.

3. I felt somebody touch me lightly on the shoulder.

4. They seem to know all about this problem.

5. He made her re-write the letter.

IV. Перепишите предложения с независимым причастным оборотом, переведите их.

1. Plants having great importance in our life, we grow them.

2. The professor spoke about agricultural problems, the lecture being illustrated by diagrams.

3. Workers went home, it having begun to rain.

V Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Text A

LIFE

Evidences suggest that life on Earth has existed for about 3.7 billion years. All known life forms share fundamental molecular mechanisms, and based on these observations, theories on the origin of life attempt to find a mechanism explaining the formation of a primordial single cell organism from which all life originates. There are many different hypotheses regarding the path that might have been taken from simple organic molecules via pre-cellular life to protocells and metabolism.

Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli and reproduction. Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of organisms. In biology, the science of living organisms, "life" is the condition which distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, functional activity and the continual change preceding death.

A diverse array of living organisms (life forms) can be found in the biosphere on Earth, and properties common to these organisms—plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria—are a carbon- and water-based cellular form with complex organization and heritable genetic information. Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means.

Text B