VItamins as cofactors. Folic acid. Ascorbic acid

Choose the ONE INcorrect answer:

1. Causes for Folate deficiencyare following;

A. pregnancy;

B. defective absorption and dietary deficiency;

C. drugs;

D. Folate trap;

E. cancer.

2. Manifestations for Folate deficiencyare following;

A. reduced DNA synthesis;

B. macrocytic anemia;

C. homocysteinemia;

D. birth defects;

E. folate trap.

3. Ascorbic acid need to following reactions:

A. lactate dehydrogenase;

B. hydroxylation of proline;

C. hydroxylation of lysine;

D. hydroxylation of tryptophan;

E. hydroxylation of parahydroxy phenyl pyruvate.

4. Ascorbic acid has role in….

A. reversible oxidation-reduction;

B. iron metabolism;

C. selenium metabolism;

D. hemoglobin metabolism

E. folic acid metabolism.

5. Ascorbic acid has role in….

A. adrenal steroidogenesis;

B. the bile acids synthesis;

C. the collagen synthesis;

D. reduced DNA synthesis;

E. serotonin synthesis.

6. Ascorbic acid has role in….

A. reversible oxidation-reduction;

B. phagocytosis;

C. anti- oxidant property of the organism;

D. reduction of lactate;

E. hydroxylation of proline.

7. Causes for Ascorbic deficiencyare following;

A. dietary deficiency;

B. defective absorption;

C. drugs;

D. increases losses;

E. increases intake.

8. Deficiency manifestations of vitamin C are following:

A. hemorragic tendency;

B. subcutaneous hemorrhage;

C. hemorrhage in the conjunctiva and retina;

D. swelling legs;

E. Barlow’s diseases.

9. The reasons for microcytic, hypochromic anemia in ascorbic deficiency may be:

A. loss of blood by hemorrhage;

B. decreased tetrahydrofolic acid;

C. reduced DNA synthesis;

D. decreased iron metabolism;

E. accumulation of met- hemoglobin in the erythrocytes.

10. Ascorbic deficiency may be characterized:

A. petechiae and acchymoses;

B. hematuria and melena;

C. painful, swollen and spongy gums;

D. hemorrhage into joint cavities;

E. swelling legs.

Appendix III

KEYS AND ANALYSIS

PRACTICAL LESSON 1

SIMPLE PROTEINS. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

ANALYSIS

IIIa. A neutral amino acid exists in its zwitterionic form (no net charge) at its isoelectric point, which is pH=6. At low pH=2, the carboxylate anion is protonated and the amino acid has a net positive (+1) charge. At high pH=10 the ammonium cation loses a proton and the amino acid has a net negative (-1) charge.

KEYS

1.A. The peptide bond has a partial double- bond character. Unlike its component – the α- amino and α- carboxyl group- the components of the peptide bond do not accept or give off protons. The peptide bond is not cleaved by organic solvents or urea, but is labile to strong acids. It is usually in the trans configuration.

2.D. In proteins found in aqueous solutions, the side chains of the nonpolar amino acids such isoleucine, tend to cluster together in the interior of the protein. Glutamine contains an amide in its side chain. Serine and threonine contain a hydroxyl group in their side chain. Cysteine can form disulfide bonds. Glycine contains the smallest side chain.

3.C. Glutamine contains two titrateable groups, α- carboxyl and α-amino. Glutamine is a polar, neutral amino acid that shows little electrophoretic migration at the pH7,0. The symbol for glutamine is “Q”.

4.D.

5.C.

6.D.

7.B.

8.C.

9.D.

10.E