C. Test

XIII. Define the type of the following sentences:

/a- the simple; b- the compound; c- the complex sentence/

1. A businessman needs to communicate with other businessman.

2. He can do this by using the telephone.

3. He can do it by writing, but the modern businessman does not write his letter by hand.

4. He dictates them to a shorthand typist (стенографистка) who types the letter on her machine or use a personal computer and later takes them to be signed.

XIV. Define the type of the following sentences:

/a- the simple; b- the compound; c- the complex sentence/

1. International telephone calls are very expensive.

2. Therefore before booking a call it should be found out whether a telex, fax or cable message would not be cheaper.

3. If a call is really necessary, it must be as short as possible.

4. The key to this is thorough (тщательная) preparation.

XV. Choose the Russian words (the number) corresponding to the following English ones:

1. adjust 1. уезжать; оставлять

2. abbreviation 2. подпись

3. dispatch 3. сокращение

4. leave 4. казначей

5. precede 5. искренне

6. signature 6. заказ

7. treasurer 7. путаница; замешательство

8. sincerely 8. отправка

9. order 9. приспосабливать

10. confusion 10. предшествовать

XVI. Choose the English translation of the following:

1. рады вам сообщить 1. the letter is addressed

название фирмы to Mr. Brown

2. письмо адресовано мистеру Брауну 2. we are enclosing our up-to-date catalogue

3. к письму прилагаем наш 3. we guarantee immediate

последний каталог dispatch

4. медленное отправление 4. international telephone

call is very expensive

5. международный телефонный 5. we are pleased to inform you the name

разговор очень дорого стоит of the firm

6. вышеупомянутый заказ 6. above-mentioned order

Final Test

I. Match the English words with the followingRussian ones:

1. expenditure а) выборка

2. profitable в) расход, трата

3. census с) заключение

4. conclusion d) мера

5. sample e) перепись

6. cash f) наличные деньги

7. measure g) рабочая сила

8. manpower h) требовать, предъявлять претензии

9. claim I) выгодный, доходный

1. in terms of money а) фондовая биржа

2. means of accumulation в) средство накопления

3. stock exchange c) в денежном выражении

4. applied mathematics d) валовой национальный продукт

5. social relations e) прикладная математика

6. gross national product f) общественные отношения

II. Match the Russian words with the following English ones:

1. распределение a) commodity

2. управлять b) experience

З. опыт с) manage

4. товар d) distribution

5. доход e) wage

6. заработная плата f) income

7. отдельно g) restriction

8. снабжать h) separately

9. ограничение i) to provide (with)

1. разделение труда a) in view of

2. профессиональное обучение b) distribution of labour

3. в виду (чего-либо) с) professional training

4. исследование рынка d) to transact business

5. заключать сделки e) market research

III. Choose the correct number to each English sentence and write down the translation of them:

a. That the shares merely become worthless doesn't bring any doubt.

b. The board of directors decides how the firm must be run.

c. The problem is what the price of the share is.

d. The report he made at the conference showed his great progress in learning
statistics.

e. Problems can also occur when one stage of production depends on another stage.

1. придаточное подлежащее

2. придаточное сказуемое

3. придаточное дополнительное

4. придаточное обстоятельства

5. придаточное определительное

IV. Choose the function of the Participle (a, b, c, d) to each English sentence and translate them:

1. The question being too difficult, no one could answer it.

2. Gas consists of a number of particles moving at a tremendous speed.

3. While melting the snow keeps the same temperature.

4. Operating characteristics of goods are usually given in graphical forms.

5. Being started in time, the preparations for the test are over.

6. The radio set bought by you is often out of order.

a. правое определение

b. левое определение (действительный залог)

c. независимый причастный оборот

d. обстоятельство

V. Choose the best Russian equivalent to the English sentence (1, 2, 3, 4):

1. We knew of this work having been done lately.

a. Мы недавно узнали о том, что проводится эта работа.

b. Недавно сделана работа, которую мы знали раньше.

c. Мы знали, что недавно была сделана эта работа.

2. Не said of some interesting program having been written in the laboratory.

a. В какой-то лаборатории пишут интересную программу, сказал он.

b. Он сказал о том, что интересная программа была написана в лаборатории.

c. Он сказал, что написал интересную программу в лаборатории.

3. Algorithmic languages are used for programming economic problems.

a. Алгоритмические языки используются для программирования экономических
задач.

b. В экономических задачах использовали алгоритмические языки.

c. Для экономических задач в программировании будут использовать алгоритмические языки.

4. A group of scientists succeeded in developing a new kind of a computer.

a. Новый тип ЭВМ был разработан группой ученых.

b. Группа ученых имела успех в разработке нового типа компьютера.

c. Группа ученых, разрабатывающая новый тип компьютера, имеет успех.

5. His having translated this article became known to us.

a. Мы знаем, что он переводит эту статью.

b. Нам стало известно, что он перевел эту статью.

c. Нам известен перевод этой статьи.

6. I remember having been asked some question by you.

a. Я помню, что задал вам какой-то вопрос.

b. Я помню, что вы задали мне какой-то вопрос.

c. Я помню, что у меня был к вам какой-то вопрос.

VI. Choose the Russian equivalent (a, b, c, d, e) to the underlined –ing form:

1. Reading this book is useful for learning English words and expressions.

2. Reading this book they learned new words and expressions.

3. The teacher suggested reading this book for learning English words and expressions.

4. He told us about the student reading this book.

5. Having read this book he learned many words and expressions.

a. прочитав

b. читающий

c. чтение

d. читая

e. прочитать

1. Solving this problem is very important in our work.

2. Solving this problem they helped to finish this work.

3. The engineer solving this problem is a highly qualified.

4. Having solved this problem they got excellent results.

5. He suggested solving this problem.

a. решая

b. решить

c. решение

d. решающий

e. решив

1. Writing a program is necessary to introduce a problem into a computer.

2. Writing a program they used a special language - Pascal.

3. The teacher suggested writing a program in Pascal.

4. Students writing the program were future specialists in banking

5. Having written the program they fed it into the computer.

a. написание

b. при написании

c. пишущие

d. написав

e. написать

VII. Choose the sentences with the Infinitive construction:

1) The “Objective with the Infinitive” 2) The "Nominative with the Infinitive" and translate them:

1. He wanted his program to be written in English.

2. Scientists wanted the new methods of investigations to be introduced in the laboratories.

3. They seem to have learned all the rules.

4. The method proposed by the young engineer is known to be very effective.

5. We supposed all the details of the plan to have been explained to you long ago.

6. We expect this firm to be one of the biggest in the nearest future.

7. The goods in this shop are known to be one of the highest quality.

8. All the members of the committee are reported to have been еnthusiastic about the plan.

Additional Reading

1. The Changing Shape of British Industry

Since the beginning of the 20th century, there has been a big change in the shape of British industry. Until fairly recent times, the principal British exports were coal, ships and textiles. The mining, shipbuilding and textile districts of the north had some of the worst working and living conditions in the country.

The output of coal has dropped. Similarly, the demand for coal at home and abroad has also dropped, so coal is no longer a major export. Oil has taken its place as a fuel for many purposes. The British shipbuilding industry has had to face stiff competition from overseas yards especially in Japan. And the textile industry has also suffered-partly because demand for British textiles has dropped and partly because man-made synthetic fibres have appeared.

On the other hand, the British exports of machinery, oil by-products and chemicals, vehicles and electrical goods have increased, so the shape of industry has changed. These new industries have tended to grow up in the midlands or the south. Consequently, people have moved into these districts and today over a quarter of the population of Britain lives in the London area. People have even begun to talk of the ‘Two Nations’ the prosperious south and the depressed north.

The new level of production based on the new technology demands computerized planning, socialized capital investments, a planned socialized system of distribution, a plan that synchronizes production and human needs, a world-wide division of labour, a plan creating abundance while protecting the environment.

2. At the Moscow Fair (Business Interview)

(Mr. Smith, an English visitor to the Fair, approaches

Mr. Petrov, the information officer at the cars stand)

Mr. Smith: Do you speak English?

Mr. Petrov: Yes, I do. How can I help you?

Mr. Smith: I represent an English firm of importers dealing in case. I’d like to know which items displayed here are available at short notice.

Mr. Petrov: What are you particularly interested in, sir? As you can see, there’s quite a choice of cars here. And delivery time varies according to the model and quality required.

Mr. Smith: I see. Well, I can’t single out any model at the moment. I just want to get the general outline of your delivery dates. I must be sure if I order them I can get them to my customer before the market is flooded by more fashionable and attractive models.

Mr. Petrov: I take your point. After receiving your order, we can deliver any model either at once, or within three to four months. For the delivery dates of the particular model, I’ll give you a copy of this illustrated catalogue with the price-list. The models marked in red are available for immediate delivery.

Mr. Smith: Thank you. I’ll take the catalogue with me and come back when I’ve looked through it.

Mr. Petrov: Certainly. I’m sure you’ll find some items of interest in it. And I’ll be very pleased to help you.

Mr. Smith: Thank you. See you later, then.

Mr. Petrov: Good-bye, Mr. Smith.

I. Choose the interrogative word to the marked words.

1. I represent an English firm of importers dealing in car. 2. I can’t single out any model at the moment. 3. After receiving your order, we can deliver any model. 4. He speaks English very well. 5. I’ll take several catalogues with me. 6. I’m sure you’ll find some items of interest in the catalogue.

1. who 2. what 3. where 4. when 5. how 6. how many

II. Choose correct answers to the following questions:

1. What is your name, please? 2. Which firm do you represent? 3. What is the purpose of your visit, sir? 4. Are there any chances of extending our mutual contracts? 5. Shall I give you the copy of this catalogue? 6. Could you tell me which items are displayed at the fair? 7. What items, listed in this catalogue are available for immediate delivery? 8. Could you give me some information about the delivery time? 9. When are you leaving?

1. I have come to tell you about our latest products. 2. Here is my card. 3. Tomorrow morning. 4. Certainly, we could do more business with each other. 5. There is a choice of cars here. 6. The models are marked in red. 7. Yes, please. I’ll look it through. 8. An English firm of importers dealing in cars. 9. We can deliver any model either at once or within three or four months.

3. The World’s Population

The world’s population at the beginning of our era, as estimated by Soviet demographers, can be represented as shown in the following table.

The world’s population at the beginning of our era

Part of the World	Population (in millions)
Europe Asia North and Central America South America Africa Oceania	1.5

The level of farming technique at that time could not ensure production of enough food for such a huge number of people. Many areas of the world had no population at that time, or had very little; about two-thirds of the planet’s inhabitants lived in Asia.

During the first millennium of our era population growth continued, but probably at a rather slower rate than earlier. Progress in industry and agricultural technique was very slow, and at the same time wars and epidemics carried off a vast number of people in Europe, Asia, North Africa. The approximate population of the world in A.D. 1000 was put at 275,000,000.

The mean annual rate of population increase has altered greatly. It should be mentioned here that with a general trend to higher rates of increase, the effect of the world wars is very marked in separate decades. During the second decade of the 20th century the consequences of World War I reduced the rate of population increase. As to World War II, we can see its effect only in the USSR and the rest of Europe. For the decade 1940-1950 world population as a whole increased by approximately I per cent per annum.

A steep rise in the rate of increase occured in the sixth decade, mainly as a result of the lowering of infant mortality. The rate of increase doubled and reached almost 2 per cent per annum. If we had some information on the rate of increase of the last decade, we should see the same picture. The total, now thought to be approaching more than 6.000 million is not, of course, equally distributed in proportion to the land areas. Europe, including Russia, is about averagely populated, Africa, North and South Africa and Oceania are under-populated and Asia greatly over-populated. The rate of increase is also very uneven too.

III. Complete the sentence according to the text:

1. The population of Asia at the beginning of our era can be defined…

a. by the figure of 19 million;

b. by the figure of 220 million;

c. by the figure equal to the population of Europe.

2. Progress in industry and agriculture technique…

a. was very high;

b. was very slow;

c. was slower than earlier.

3. If we had some information on the rate of population increase of the last decade…

a. we could see that the rate of increase doubled;

b. we could see that the rate of increase reached almost 3 per cent per annum;

c. we could see that the epidemics influenced upon the mean annual rate of population increase.

4. From the History of Census Taking

Counting people is one of the oldest activities of government. The term «census» can be traced back to a Roman institution, the register of adult male citizens and their property which determined political status, military obligation and taxation.

Instituted by Servius Tullius, sixth King of Rome, about 550 B.C., it was extended under Caesar Augustus to take in the entire Roman Empire. The earliest census records reach back into history far beyond Roman times. There is evidence that as early as 3800 B.C. the Babylonians took stock of their land, listing the owners names and possessions. In ancient China the population was often enumerated for purposes of taxation and military service. The Incas of ancient Peru counted their people and their resources as well.

King Philip II of Spain ordered the first census in North America in 1577. Less than a century later, in 1666 the population of New France in Eastern Canada was enumerated by name, age, sex, marital status and profession.

Two censuses were taken in the seventeenth century in what is now called the United States.

During the following century 36 additional censuses were taken in the Colonies, most at the command of the British Board of Trade and frequently in the face of considerable resistance from the independminded colonists.

Norway, which took its first general census in 1769, began a schedule of periodic enumeration in 1815, Spain in 1798, France and Great Britain in 1801, Greece in 1836, Switzerland in 1860, Italy in 1861 and Russia in 1897.

In recent years the United Nations has encouraged census taking and other statistical development around the world. Each decade more and more nations are taking periodic stock of their people and resources. In the words of a Nigerian statistician, “Without an accurate census you can not plan”.

Notes

Under Caesar Augustus – при Цезаре Августе

... reach back into history

far beyond Roman times – уходят в историю еще до

возникновения Римской империи

to take stock – проводить учет, инвентаризировать

as early as 3.800 B.C. – еще в 3.800 г. до нашей эры

British Board of Trade – Британское министерство торговли

in the face of... – перед лицом (чего-либо)

Geographical Names

Babilon [‘bæbil n] China [‘tòain ] France [fra:ns] Great Britan [‘greit ‘brit n] Greece [gri:s] Italy [‘it li] Mexico [‘meksikou] Nigeria [ nai ‘d i rik ] North America [ nÉ:q ’merik ] Peru [p ’ru:] Rome [roum]q Spain [spein] Switzerland [‘swits l nd]

Вавилон (древний город) Китай Франция Великобритания Греция Италия Мексика Нигерия Северная Америка Перу Рим Испания Швейцария

IV. Сomplete the sentences according to the text:

1. Counting people is one of

a. the government policy to enumerate people;

b. the oldest activities of government;

c. the historical events in the development of human society.

2. The earliest census records

a. were instituted by Serwius Tullius about 550 B.C.;

b. took stock of the land and possessions;

c. reach back into history far beyond Roman times.

3. In ancient China the population was often enumerated

a. for purpose of taxation and military service;

b. by age, sex, merital status and profession;

c. in 550 B.C.

4. King Philip II of Spain ordered the first census

a. in 1666 in France;

b. in North America in 1577;

c. in Eastern Canada by name, age and sex.

5. Russia began a shedule of periodic enumeration

a. in 1801;

b. in 1798;

c. in 1897.

6. Without an accurate census you can not

a. live;

b. plan;

c. take stock.

5. What is a Cash Flow Forecast?

A cash flow forecast is also known as a cash budget. As a forecast or budgeted statement it deals not with what has happened but with what is expected and planned to happen. It should not be confused with a cash flow statement which is drawn up after the event. Cash accounting is not concerned with sales revenue, costs, profit or loss. It is only concerned with the flow of cash into and out of a business. Consequently, credit sales do not become positive items in a cash flow forecast until the cash flows in. Similarly, purchases of inputs are not negative items until the cash flows out. Non-cash items in a profit and loss account (notably provision for depreciation) do not feature at all in cash accounting. We can therefore define a cash flow forecast as a plan which states in detail the cash flow which is expected to take place over a specified future period.

6. Cost

Fixed assets are “assets which a business intends to use on a continuing basis”. Thus purpose, rather than physical nature, determines whether something counts as a fixed asset. Cars, for example, which are fixed assets for many companies, are mostly current assets (stock) for Rover, which sells cars. Accountants “capitalize” spending on fixed assets in the balance sheet, rather than at once writing it off in full in the profit and loss account. But they do so only where (a) they can identify fairly accurately the cost of an asset and (b) they expect the cost to be recovered in full, normally out of future sales revenue. Point (a) rules out most spending on building up brands and general business “goodwill”. It is very difficult to split total spending on promotion between current and future benefits. Point (b) rules out the cost of most technical research. Companies probably wouldn't choose to spend the money on research unless they expected it to “pay” (in the future), but a lot can go wrong – both on the technical side and the commercial side – and it is often difficult to come up with solid enough evidence. For many fixed assets it is easy to tell the cost. In addition to the basic invoice cost of the asset itself, it may include costs of transporting and installing equipment, legal costs on the purchase of property, etc.

7. Price

In theory organisations price optimally by using their knowledge of cost and revenue relationships to calculate the profit maximising price level. In reality organisations may adopt a very different approach to pricing.

To some extent the pricing practices followed will be determined by the objectives of the organisation. It is not usually the case that identical procedures are used by firms which seek to maximise profits as those which seek to maximise sales. It is also possible that pricing strategies in the short run are followed which do not lead to short-run profit maximisation, but instead to maximisation of long run profits.

There is no single approach to the way organisations develop the prices for their products and in some instances empirical studies (actual studies of how firms price) give conflicting views. Differences can also exist between what decision makers say they are doing and what they are actually doing.

8. Skimming Price Strategy

Using this pricing strategy the organisation sets a high price initially for its product with the intention of offering the product to a select group of customers. Some see this as a pricing strategy to «skim the cream» off the top of the market. The conditions seen as important for a skimming price strategy are (1) having sufficient purchasers willing to pay a high price (demand is price inelastic); (2) where new firms are not attracted into the market in the short run by the high price; and (3) where it is profitable to produce relatively small quantities of the product.

For many products a skimming price strategy is often used in the introductory or growth phase of a product’s life cycle, then as interest in the product wanes prices are lowered. This approach may also be more appropriate where an organisation does not know the level of demand for its product. If this has been assessed to be incorrect then the organisation can lower the skimming price without harming the relationship between supplier and consumer.

9. Competition

Competition helps markets to work efficiently by allowing consumers to buy the goods they want at the lowest possible price and by providing firms with the incentive to innovate.

The aim of competition policy is to encourage and enhance the amount of competition in the UK; this may well involve taking action to prevent, reduce or remove and competitive behaviour. However, it is not assumed that uncompetitive practices are automatically wrong; each case is examined individually and only if a particular behaviour is found to be against the public interest is action taken.

UK competition policy is made up of 4 main Acts:

a. 1973 Fair Trading Act

– which deals with mergers and monopolies.

b. 1976 Restrictive Practices Act

– which is concerned with agreements between people or companies that could limit their freedom to act independently.

c. 1976 Resale Price Maintenance Act

– which covers attempts to impose minimum prices at which goods can be resold.

d. 1980 Competition Act

– which deals with anti competitive practices.

10. Changes in Вusiness

The pace of change in today's business world is faster than it has ever been at any other time in history and this means that businesses must be flexible and ready to adapt to rapidly changing circumstances. Of course, changes in the way a business operates means changes for the people that work in that business – and this is where the problems begin.

We know from behavioural studies and from experience that people resist change, and that this is a natural and normal reaction. Given that organisations can no longer avoid change, it requires careful management at the highest level to ease disruption and reduce resistance from both staff and managers. It is clear that poorly managed change leading to rumours and gossip will lead in turn to lower staff motivation, a lack of cooperation, lower productivity, and higher staff turnover.

It is also clear that firms will increasingly value staff that show themselves to be flexible, adaptable, mobile (willing to change both physical location and job role), and open to new ideas. Note that it is often middle and senior managers that are the most vocal resistors to change.

11. Payments

Banks are at the very core of the payments system. Most of the money supply of the United States is held in the form of bank money (i.e., transactions accounts at commercial banks). Because an efficient payments system is vital to a stable and growing economy, the role of banks in the payments system takes on an important social dimension. At one time, commercial banks had a monopoly on transactions accounts. In recent years, however, savings and loans, savings banks, and credit unions (known collectively along with commercial banks as depository institutions) have obtained the authority to offer transactions accounts. Also, other types of financial service organizations, such as money market mutual funds (often referred to simply as "money funds"), have developed financial products against which checks may be written.

Commercial banks (along with the Federal Reserve System) are also at the heart of the electronic payment system, which is rapidly supplanting paper-based payment methods such as checks. For example, electronic payments between commercial banks are done through fad-wire (a wholesale wire transfer system operated by the Federal Reserve System), with more than 300,000 transfers per day amounting to about $ 1 trillion. In addition, CHIPS (The Clearing House Interbank Payments System) is a private electronic transfer system operated by large banks in New York that transfers another $ 1 trillion per day, principally involving international movements of funds. Further, SWIFT (the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) is operated by almost 2,000 banks throughout the world.

Appendix 1

Многофункциональные слова

Личное местоимение он, она, оно (о неодушевленных предметах)	Формальное подлежащее в безличных предложениях	Формальное дополнение	Вводное слово в предложениях с эмфатическим оборотом	Указательное местоимение «это»
1. Speaking of analytic geometry we must know that it uses geometric figures to illustrate and to facilitate the solution of algebraic problems. Говоря об аналитической геометрии, мы должны знать, что она использует геометрические фигуры, чтобы иллюстрировать и облегчать решение алгебраических задач. 2. Finally I found the article I had been looking for. I started translating it at once. Наконец я нашел статью, которую я искал. Я сразу же начал переводить ее.	1. It is warm. Тепло. 2. It is necessary to do this work. Необходимо сделать эту работу. 3. It is important that all be present at the lecture. Важно, чтобы все присутствовали на лекции. 4. It seemed to us that the computer was out of order. Нам показалось, что, компьютер не в порядке.	1. Vacuum tubes make it possible to convert part of their output power into visible light. Вакуумные лампы даютвозможность превратить часть своей выходной мощности в видимый свет.	1. It is silver that is the best conducting metal. Именно серебро является наилучшим проводящим металлом.	1. What is it? Что это? 2. It is a lamp. Это лампа.

ONE

Числительное	Неопределенно-личное местоимение	Слово-заменитель ранее упомянутого существительного
I know only one solution of this problem. Я знаю только одно решение этой задачи.	One should keep in mind this rule. Нужно помнить это правило.	The simplest kind of lever is one in which the arms are of equal length. Простейший вид рычага есть рычаг с плечами одинаковой длины.

THAT

Указательное местоимение	Союз	Союзное слово	Слово-заменитель во избежание повторения существительного
At that point the line drops down to zero. В той точке линия падает до нуля.	They say that the report will be followed by a discussion. Говорят, что задокладом последует дискуссия.	Give us a material that can withstand very high temperature. Дайте материал, который может выдержать очень высокую температуру.	The result of this experiment is much better than that (those) of the previous one (ones). Результат этого опыта гораздо лучше, чем результат(результаты) предыдущего опыта (предыдущих опытов).
	That the device stopped working surprised everyone. To, что механизм перестал работать, всех удивило.

THERE

Формальное подлежащее в конструкциях типа there is	Наречие
There are many different ways of calculation. Есть различные способы вычислений.	1. Не can hardly find any water there. Он едва ли сможет найти там воду. 2. There the current is steady. Сила тока там стабильна.

AS

Наречие - как, в качестве

Союз - так как, когда, в то время как, как

1. This arrangement is adopted as be- ing more economical. Это устройство принято как более экономичное.

1. As a current flows through a conductor, it sets up a magnetic field in the neighborhood of the latter. Когда ток течет через проводник, он вызывает магнитное поле вокруг последнего. 2. As the tube is a rectifier, it will not exhibit constant resistance as the signal varies. Так как лампа является выпрямителем, ее сопротивление будет изменяться с изменением сигнала (букв, по мере того, как будет меняться сигнал). 3. This formula is not so simple as you think. Эта формула не такая простая, как вы думаете.