XI.Read and translate the text, pay attention to the Present Perfect and explain the use of the verb “have”

The British constitution has involved over many centuries. Unlike the constitution of France and many Commonwealth countries, the British constitution has not been assembled at any time into a single, consolidated document. Instead it’s made up of common law, statute law and convention.

Of all the democratic countries in the world, only Israel is comparable to Britain in having no single document codifying the way its political institutions function and setting out the basic rights and duties of its citizens.

Britain does, however, have certain important constitutional documents, including the Magna Carta(1215) which Protects the rights of the community against the Crown: the Bill of the Rights (1689) which expended the powers of Parliament, making it impracticable for the Sovereign to ignore the wishes of the Government; and the Reform Ct Act (1832) which reform the system of parliamentary representation. The flexibility of the British constitution helps to explain why it has developed so fully over the years. However, since Britain joined the European Community in 1973, the rulings of the European Court of Justice have increasingly determined and codified sections of British law in those areas covered by the various treaties to which Britain is a party. In the process British constitutional and legal arrangements are beginning to resemble those of Europe.

XII.In the following pairs of sentences only one is correct. Choose the correct one.

a. I have lived in Odessa for five years.

I live in Odessa for five years.

b. Before that I have lived in Kharkov.

Before that I lived in Kharkov.

c. I am an investigator since I left university.

I have been an investigator since I left university.

d. He saw her five minutes ago.

He’s seen her five minutes ago.

e. She’s run round the park three times.

She’s been running round the park three times.

f. Has the chief signed your documents already?