Questions

Have	they	been	tested/checked/developed?
Has	it

For example:

· Has hadron collider been started?

· Have covalent bonds been broken?

1. Fill in the table.

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb	Translation	Transcription
analog	be analogous (to), have analogy (to, with)	analogous		аналог	[q′nxlqg]
appearance				появление	[q′pIqrqns]
		approximate		приблизительный	[q′prqVksimit]
carrier				носитель	[′kxrIq]
	design			проектировать	[dI′zaIn]
hydrogen				водород	[′haIdrIGqn]
	introduce			внедрять	[‚intrq′dju:s]
	observe			наблюдать	[qb′zq:v]
		oxygenous		кислородный	[Ok′siGInqs]
phosphorus				фосфор	[′fOsfqrqs]

2. Fill in the gaps using the following verbs: break, free, move, come, occur, appear .

Fig. 1. A hole has appeared at point A	- Figure 1 shows a part of a silicon crystal in which the breaking of covalent bonds is taking place. - Was this caused by heating? - Yes, by heating. In Figure 1 it is shown that one covalent bond … and an electron … itself. A hole … at point A.
- Will you be able to explain what is taking place in the next figure (Fig. 2)? - Yes, of course. A hole … at point B and now two electrons can move through the crystal.	Fig.2. A hole has appeared at point B.
Fig. 3. Hole A has disappeared and hole C has appeared	- Look at Fig. 3. The second electron … close enough to the first hole and is attracted by its electric field. Recombination …. Now there is no hole already at point A. But still there is a hole at point B. It seems that the hple… from position A to position B. - Looking at this figure, it becomes clear that one more hole … at point C.
- As shown in Fig.4 the third free electron … through the crystal lattice. Again recombination … and a hole …. The effect is as though a hole … from point A to point C.	Fig. 4. Hole B has disappeared

3. Make up sentences using Present Perfect. Use the prompts in brackets. Mind the position of just/already/yet.

For example:

How have you decreased the capacitance of your system?

I have just connected equal capacitors in series.

(I/just/connect/equal/capacitors/in series)

1. Can we observe any changes in the movement of electrons and holes?

Of course, we can, but …

(only/when/process/of recombination/already/occur)

2. Could you stop the movement of holes quite fast?

No, …

(I/just/heat/a peace of silicon)

3. Have you already changed the random character of the movement of holes in a piece of germanium?

Unfortunately …

(I/not/apply/any/voltage/yet)

4. Do you consider me an expert in the problem of the movement of holes?

No, …

(I/already/consider/a lot of/important/things/but not all)

5. Could you increase the amplification factor of our circuit?

Yes, …

(I/already/replace/a triode/for a tetrode)

4. Open the brackets and complete the dialogues with just, already, yet. Use Passive Voice where nessesary.

1. A: How do we call the phenomenon of attracting an electron by electric field?

B: Don’t you know that the scientists … (call) this process recombination?

2. A: I learned about the intrinsic conduction yesterday.

B: Yes, but you … (not/consider) in what types of materials it takes place.

3. A: Do we have a method to divide the flow of electrons and holes?

B: I … (do) this by means of applying voltage.

4. A: There is no sense to look for different ways of controlling the increase of temperature in a triode. How do you think, why?

B: I think, because a termometer scale … (invent).

5. You are asking students questions about things they have done. Make questions with ever using the words in brackets.

For example:

(know/physicist?) Have you ever known a famous physicist personally?

1. (observe/phenomenon of recombination?)

2. (miss/lectures?)

3. (design/project?)

4. (introduce/invention?)

5. (take part/scientific conference?)

6. Complete the sentences using today/this year/this month etc. + Present Perfect.

For example: There was a relatively high rate of recombination in the prototype yesterday, but it hasn’t recovered the old level today.

1. Some centuries ago scientists didn’t have enough information about the nature of intrinsic conduction, but ….

2. The invention of hydrogen and nuclear bombs in the XX century made people all over the world be afraid for their lives, but due to common efforts of politicians ….

3. After the Stone Age of B.C. era we all observe the phenomenon of global warming, which ….

4. The plant “Horizont” had a severe setback in production in the beginning of the nineties, but ….

5. In 1975 our faculty wasn’t able to trainprepare experts in the sphere of aero space technologies, but ….

7. Read the situations and write sentences using the example.

For example:

John is working with the Internet Explorer at the moment and looks like a novice in this business.

You: Have you ever worked with the Internet Explorer?

John: No, but I’ve already learnt the most important rules about this program.

1. Ann is trying to take the temperature of the device with the help of a Centigrade thermometer. But she is using it in a wrong way.

You:

Ann:

2. Peter starts putting on a spacesuit for working in the open space. But it seems to you, that he has forgotten some important parts of the suit.

You:

Peter:

3. Greg wants to observe the constellation of Orion, but can’t adapt the telescope.

You:

Greg:

4. Alexandra got the task to increase the conductivity of a piece of germanium. She cooled it.

You:

Alexandra:

8. Rewrite these sentences into Passive Voice.

1. The Germans have recently integrated chips with all important biometrical data in the passports of citizens.

2. Japanese scientists have just presented a few generations of robot-humanoid in Tokyo and other technological centers of this country.

3. The fans are furious. FIFA hasn’t introduced the technology based on chips integrated into a ball and sensors into a gate.

4. Real games haven’t fully exchanged tetris for another game.

5. Mobile operator Life has already introduced 3G Internet technology.