Typology of the complex sentence

Like the simple and compound sentence, the complex sentence too presents a universal unit in the syntactic systems of all 5,651 languages of the world. Consequently, this type of composite sentence has some isomorphic features of its own. They are in the contrasted languages as follows: 1) the complex sentence has a polypredicative nature; 2) it is characterised by the subordinate way of joining the clauses to the principal/matrix clause; 3) it may consist of homogeneous clauses or of consecutively dependent clauses joined to the matrix clause or to each other syndetically or asyndetically; 4) the arsenal of syndetic means of connection includes conjunctions, connective pronouns, connective adverbs and subordinating connective words; 5) the connectors join clauses and express some logico-grammatical relations formed within the complex sentence. These include predicative, objective, attributive and various adverbial relations expressed by the corresponding clauses which may occupy either the preceding or the succeeding position/place in regard to the matrix clause.

The nature of the many logico-grammatical relations created between the subordinate and the matrix clause generally corresponds to the na-

ture of relations created between the adjuncts/complements and their heads in subordinate word-groups. Hence, there are distinguished the following typologically relevant groups of subordinate clauses:

In English In Ukrainian

1. Substantive-nominal: 1. Субстантивно-номінативні:

a) subject subordinate clauses а) підметові підрядні речення

b) predicative subordinate clauses б) присудкові підрядні речення

c) objective subordinate clauses в) додаткові підрядні речення

2. Qualitatively-nominal: 2. Квалітативно-номінативні:

a) descriptive attributive clauses а) описові атрибутивні підрядні

речення

b) restrictive/limiting attributive б) обмежуючі атрибутивні підрядні clauses речення

3. Adverbial Clauses: 3. Адвербіальні підрядні речення:

of time, place, purpose, cause, часу, місця, мети, причини, способу,

attending circumstances, condition, дії, умови, допусту, наслідку тощо, concession, result, etc.