2015-10-16
3532
BIOLOGY
Учебное пособие
для студентов биологического факультета
Самара
Издательство «Самарский университет»
Составители: канд. пед. наук, доц. Е.С. Лапшова
Рецензент: Соколова Е.А. к. пед.н., доц. каф. ин.яз. СамГУ
Отв. редактор д-р пед. наук, проф. В.В. Левченко
Biology: Методические указания / сост. Е.С. Лапшова. - Самара: Изд-во «Самарский университет», 2014. - 112 с.
Учебное пособие по практическому курсу иностранный язык (английский) подготовлено с соответствии с государственным стандартом высшего профессионального образования и типовой программой вуза.
Данное пособие предназначено для студентов биологического факультета.
Целью пособия является развитие коммуникативных умений и навыков различных видов речевой деятельности, а также навыков реферирования научной литературы.
Пособие состоит из вводного урока и 10 разделов, каждый из которых включает оригинальный текст по теме раздела, а также комплекс условно-речевых и речевых упражнений, образцы коммуникативных ситуаций диалогической и монологической речи, а так же блок упражнений, направленных на развитие навыков письменной речи, развивающих умения находить в тексте нужную информацию, составлять письменное сообщение по ключевым словам или плану, пользоваться различными жанрами письменных сообщений, что отвечает принципам современной коммуникативной методики. Аудиоматериалы позволяют студентам ознакомиться с различными стилями разговорной речи
При отборе текстов автор стремился к тому, чтобы каждый текст носил общенаучный характер и был насыщен профессиональной лексикой. Активный лексический и грамматический минимум определяется темами пособия.
Пособие рассчитано на работу в аудитории (совместно с преподавателем) и дома (самостоятельно).
Лапшова Е.С.,
составление, 2014
DEAR FRENDS!
Entering the Samara State University has to be one of the most important events in your life. It is a step into another world. You will discover new knowledge, new skills and new opportunities. You will learn more about the world and nature.
You will grow in intellect, in competence and in confidence owing to the English language.
I wish you success in your work.
The author
CONTENTS
| INTRODUCTORY LESSON | |
| UNIT 1. HISTORY OF BIOLOGY | |
| UNIT 2. BIOLOGY TODAY | |
| UNIT 3. LIFE ORIGIN | |
| UNIT 4.THE CELL | |
| UNIT 5. THE VARIETY OF LIFE | |
| UNIT 6. EVOLUTION | |
| UNIT 7. GENETICS | |
| UNIT 8. CLONNING | |
| UNIT 9. THE THEORY OF NOOSPHERE | |
| UNIT 10. ECOLOGY | |
| APPENDIX | |
| COMPONENTS OF A LETTER | |
| SUMMARY OF THE TEXT | |
| GRAMMAR REFERENCE | |
| TAPESCRIPT |
INTRODUCTORY LESSON
VOCABULARY
Ex.l. Read and memorize the following words:
• science n наука • level n уровень • unit n единица • cell n клетка • living being живое существо • application применение • research n исследование •earth n земля
Ex.2.Memorize the meaning of the following verbs:
• to study — изучать, учить, учиться • to associate —ассоциировать, соединять • to contain — содержать, вмещать • to limit — ограничивать • to make progress — делать успехи
Ex.3. Read the following international words. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:
biology n, planet n, organism n, structure n, system n, function n, medicine n, individual a, characteristic a.
Ex.4. Form the adjectives and the nouns with the help of the suffixes (ic)al, -ist from the nouns given below according to the models. Mind the stress in the derivative adjectives:
Model:
a) biology n + -(ic)al - biological a
b) biology n + -ist - biologist n
anatomy, botany, cytology, histology, chemistry, zoology, physiology, ecology.
READING
TEXT
THE STUDY OF LIFE
Biology is the science of life.
Life can be divided at many levels. Its smallest unit is the individual cell. Its largest unit is the whole complex of living beings associated with the planet Earth.
Between these levels there are others.-’Living organisms contain many structures and systems, each has its characteristic, important function.
The practical applications of biology are unlimited. As the result of biological research great progress has been made especially in medicine and agriculture.
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Answer the following questions:
1. What is biology? 2. What is the smallest unit of life? 3. What do living organisms contain? 4. Each system and structure has its characteristic function, hasn’t it? 5. Are the practical applications of biology limited? 6. In what branches of science has great progress been made as the result of biological research?
GRAMMAR
Ex. 1. Put the words in the right order and ask the question.
1 been / have / where / you
2 do / postcards / sell / you
3 belong / calculator / does / this / to / who
4 are / here / how / long / staying / you
5 is / like / new / office / what / your
6 are / flights / full / of / the / which
7 carnival / does / start / the / time / what
8 decided / has / holiday / Nancy / on / what
Ex.2. Put in the correct question word or phrase.
1………………………… is this building? ~ It's about two hundred years old.
2 …………………………does your team play in? ~ Red.
3………………………….bag are you carrying? ~ Judy's.
4 …………………………money do you earn? ~ About £250 a week.
5…………………………hand do you write with? ~ My right hand.
6……………………….of shop do you work in? ~ A toy shop.
7 ………………………..first stepped on the moon? ~ Neil Armstrong, wasn't it?
8 ………………………..is your mother? ~ She's much better, thank you.
9 ……………………… is it to the post office? ~ About two hundred metres.
10 ………………………do you take a holiday? ~ Once a year.
11………………………..name will you give the baby? ~ We haven't thought of one yet.
Ex.3. Write the questions to which the underlined words are the answers.
1 The Smiths have got three cars.
2 Janet works at the supermarket.
3 Andrea is learning English because she will need it in her job.
4 The film was really romantic.
5 The meeting will take place next Tuesday.
6 Tessa switched off the computer.
Ex. 4. Rupert is at a job interview. Someone is asking him questions. Write the questions.
Interviewer: Where do you live?
Rupert: Oh, I live in Longtown.
1.Interviewer:……………………………………………………………
Rupert: I'm twenty-three.
2. Interviewer.................................................................................………
Rupert: Yes, I went to college.
3. Interviewer:........................................................………………………
Rupert: My interests? I don't have any, really.
4. Interviewer:............................................................................................
Rupert: Which company? Oh, I work for BX Electric.
5. Interviewer: ……………………………………………………………
Rupert: Nothing. There's nothing I don't like about my job.
LISTENING
You heard some of the people introduce themselves. Listen and answer the questions.
1. What are the people going to do?
2. How long will it take?
3. Which of the people do you hear?
4. Who's Bessie?
Ex. 1. Complete the table.
| Name | Nationality | Occupation |
| 1Marie | British | Expedition guide |
Ex. 2. Listen again and check your answers. What other information does each person give? How would you introduce yourself to the group?
Ex. 3. Here are some questions for finding out more information about someone. Complete the questions. Can you a dd any more? Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions.
· Have you ever...?
· Do you...?
· How long...?
· Who...?
· Did you...?
· Where...?
· What kind of...?
· How many...?
· Have you got...?
· Can you...?
· Why...?
· What are your...?
· Would you...?
WRITING
INFORMAL LETTER
Write a letter to a friend who you haven’t been in touch with for a long time. Give your news, describe some things that you have done recently, and say what your future plans are. Ask about his/her news and family. Try to arrange to meet somewhere. Remember to put your address and the date in the top right-hand corner of your letter.
Write 100–140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.
UNIT 1
HISTORY OF BIOLOGY
VOCABULARY
Match these words with their definitions.
a) life cycle, observation, successor, property, formulate, pollen, contribution, foundation, treat, classify, inheritance, natural selection, field, principle, advance, scholar, genetics
b) found in flowers, sth given to help, progress, what is passed down from one generation to the next, characteristic, from birth to death, develop an idea, what you see, sb who follows, a fine yellow powder found in flowers, give medical help, process according to which only the strongest species survive, put into groups, basic idea, academic area, basis, the study of how characteristics are passed from one generation to another, improvement
Ex. 2. Find antonyms in the list below, arrange them in pairs:
1) theory, to obtain, rapidly, experimentator, to finish, to increase, new, experienced, unknown, wide, passive, to enable, high, complicated;
2) simple, low, practice, to give, to disable, active, slowly, theoretician, narrow, famous, to start, to decrease, old, inexperienced.
READING
Before you read
Discuss these questions with your partner.
- What can you see around you that is living?
- What can you see that is not living?
- What can living things do that non-living things can’t?
- Can you classify living things?
TEXT
HISTORY OF BIOLOGY
Biology means the study of life and it is the science which investigates all living things. For as long as people have looked at the world around them, people have studied biology. Even in the days before recorded history, people knew and passed on information about plants and animals. Prehistoric people survived by learning which plants were good to eat and which could be used for medicine. Farming would not have developed if they had not begun to understand which animals could produce food like milk and eggs.
In the past, more than 2000 years ago, people in the Middle East understood the part that insects and pollen played in the life cycle of plants. The ancient Egyptians studied the life cycle of insects and were particularly interested in the changes they went through as they grew from larvae to adult insects. The ancient Mesopotamians even kept animals in what were the earliest zoological gardens. The ancient Greeks, too, were greatly interested in understanding the world around them. Aristotle recorded his observations of plants and animals, and his successor, Theophrastus, wrote the first books on plant life, which made a very important contribution to the study of botany.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the centre of the scientific world moved to the Middle East.
The Arab scholar Al-Jahiz wrote the Book of Animals in the 9th century. He was just one of a great number of Arabic, Persian and Turkish scientists who set out the foundations for the modern science of biology. Later still, in Europe, particularly in Germany, scholars such as Albertus Magnus discussed the properties of life. Magnus wrote seven books on plants and twenty- six on animals.
Modern biology really began in the 17th century. At that time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, in Holland, invented the microscope and William Harvey, in England, described the circulation of blood. The microscope allowed scientists to discover bacteria, leading to an understanding of the causes of disease, while new knowledge about how the human body works allowed others to find more effective ways of treating illnesses. All this new knowledge needed to be put into order and in the 18th century the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus classified all living things into the biological families we know and use today.
In the middle of the 19th century, unnoticed by anyone else, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, created his Laws of Inheritance, beginning the study of genetics that is such an important part of biology today. At the same time, while travelling around the world, Charles Darwin was formulating the central principle of modern biology - natural selection as the basis of evolution.
It is hard to believe, but the nature of viruses has become apparent only within the last half of the 20th century and the first step on this path of discovery was taken by the Russian botanist Dmitry Ivanovsky in 1892.
In the 20th century, biologists began to recognize how plants and animals live and pass on their genetically coded information to the next generation. Since then, partly because of developments in computer technology, there have been great advances in the field of biology; it is an area of ever-growing knowledge.
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Read the text and decide if the following statements are true or false.
1. The earliest people must have known about plants or they would have died.
2. The Egyptians were interested in changing the way insects lived.
3. Europeans learnt all they knew about biology from the Middle East.
4. The microscope allowed biologists to treat illnesses.
5. Darwin's theory was one of the most important in biology.
6. The study of biology hasn't changed at all over the centuries.
Ex. 2. Translate the Sentences into Russian
1. Biology studies all living things on our planet.
2. In the past people were interested in understanding the world around them and learning about plants and animals.
3. Modern biology began to develop in the 17th century.
4. The microscope was invented by van Leeuwenhoek and allowed scientists to discover the world of microorganisms.
5. In the 18th century, Linnaeus set the foundations of the modern system of the classification of living things.
6. The Laws of Inheritance and the principle of natural selection were formulated in the 19th century.
7. Nowadays our knowledge in the area of biology is increasing rapidly due to computer technology.
Ex. 3. Make up 5 questions to the text and ask your partner to answer them.
Ex. 4. Divide the text into logical parts and state the general idea of each part.
GRAMMAR
Ex. 1. Give the plural.
a) a baby, a plant, a lemon, a peach, a banana, и brush, a star, a mountain, a tree, a shilling, a king, the waiter, the queen, a man, the man, a woman, a woman, an eye, a shelf, a box, the city, a boy, a goose, the watch, a mouse, a dress, a toy, the sheep, a tooth, a child, a deer, the life, a tomato, a secretary, a crowd, the airport, a theatre, the tornado, a shop, the tragedy.
b) this magazine, that sticker, this stamp, that sandwich, this poster, this teacup, this egg, that wall, that picture, this foot, that mountain, this lady, that window, this man, that match, this knife, this book, this family, this pie, that answer, that apartment, that teacher, that comedy.
c) 1. This is a spider. 2. That is a snail. 3. This is a star. 4. This is a film star. 5. That is a cartoon. 6. This is a boy. 7. This is a baby. 8. That is a plate. 9. That is a flower. 10. That is a bookshelf. 11. Is this a sofa? 12. Is this a bookcase? 13. Is this a man? 14. Is that a ball? 15. Is that a train? 16. Is that a plane? 17. Is the window open? 18. Is the door closed? 19. Is the boy near the window? 20. That is not a king. 21. That is not a queen.
Ex. 2. Join the two (or three) nouns. Sometimes you have to use -'s or -s'; and sometimes you have to use... of...
1. the owner/that car ---the owner of that car
2. the mother/Ann --- Ann's mother
3. the jacket/that man ---
4. the top/the page ---
5. the daughter/Charles ---
6. the cause/the problem ---
7. the newspaper/yesterday ---
8. the birthday/my father ---
9. the name/this street ---
10. the toys/the children ---
11. the new manager/the company ---
12. the result/the football match ---
13. the garden/our neighbours ---
14. the ground floor/the building ---
15. the children/Don and Mary ---
Ex. 3. What is another way of saying these things? Use -'s.
1. a hat for a woman - a woman's hat
2. a name for a boy ---
3. clothes for children ---
4. a school for girls ---
5. a nest for a bird ---
6. a magazine for women ---
LISTENING
Before you listen
Discuss these questions with your partner.
1. Do you know what a germ is?
2. What can you say about their size and shape?
3. What do you know about the classification of germs?
Ex. 1. Listen to this lesson about germs. Circle the correct word or phrase to make true statements.
1. The teacher believes people rightly / mistakenly / rarely think all germs are bad.
2. Germs don’t live on microbes / animals / people.
3. Some / all / few germs are responsible for illnesses.
4. There are four basic types of fungi / protozoa / germ.
5. Germs are only round / mostly long and thin / different shapes.
WRITING
FORMAL LETTERS
Ex. 1. Read Nancy’s letter of application to Worldwatch. Put one word into each gap. Compare your answers with a partner.
17 Hillside Rd
Chesswood
Herts. WD3 5LB
Tel 01923 284171
Fax 01923 286622
Thursday 17 January
David Benton
Worldwatch UK Ltd
357 Ferry Rd
Basingstoke
RG2 5HP
Dear Mr. Benton
I saw your______for a Business Journalist in today's Guardian newspaper. I am very______in the job and I think that I have many of the necessary__________.
I ______ politics and modern languages at Oxford University. I am in_______French, German and Spanish. I have_______widely in Europe and South America, and _________worked as a business journalist for the BC________the last five years.
I enclose a copy of my curriculum vitae. I look forward __________hearing from you soon. Please let me know if you need more information.
Yours sincerely
Nancy Mann
Ex. 2. Look at Nancy’s letter again.
- In what other ways can you begin and end formal letters?
- Where is Nancy’s address written? Where is the address of the company she’s writing to?
- In what other way can you write the date?
- Where does Nancy sign her name?
- Where does she print her name?
- There are three paragraphs. What is the aim of each one?
Ex. 3. Write a letter of application for the following job in the Daily News.
| TRANS-GLOBE COACHES want TRAVEL COURIERS In • Europe • the Far East • North and South America Have you got good interpersonal skills? Can you speak two or more languages? Do you want to see the world? Please apply with CV to The Personnel Manager Trans-Globe Coaches Victoria Square London SW1 6VC |
UNIT 2
BIOLOGY TODAY
VOCABULARY
Ex. 1. Give the Russian equivalents:
the science of life, fossil organisms, evolution, a fundamental science, a motive force, contemporary animals, genetics.
Ex. 2. Find synonyms in the list below, arrange them in pairs:
1) device, research, technology, branch, obtain, importance, collaborator, team, to collect, data, to be engaged in, rapidly;
2) quickly, instrument, technique, to be busy with, field, to get, significance, information, to gather, coworker, group, investigation.
Ex. 3. Complete the sentences below with words:
threatened, adapt, mammal, species, cell, environment, composition, diseases, crops, building blocks
1. Unfortunately, the growth of cities often means wildlife is with extinction.
2. A …………………………is an animal that feeds its babies milk.
3. Farmers that grow……………………like cereals and vegetables normally have to work very hard.
4. The smallest, basic structural and functional unit of life is a…………….
5. Serious illnesses are known as...................................................
6. What something is made of is its ……………………………………….
7. It's amazing how animals can …………………………………….to changes in their living conditions.
8. There are many different ………………………..of butterfly.
9. Humankind's actions have often had a negative effect on the…………….
10. The most basic parts of something can be called…………………………...
READING
TEXT
Before you read
Discuss these questions with your partner.
1. What careers in biology can you think of?
2. Do you like any of them? Which ones and why?
3. Are there any areas of biology that you do not find interesting?
4. What areas of biology do you consider the most important for human society nowadays? Why?
BIOLOGY TODAY
Dear Students,
I am writing this letter to welcome all of you who are about to begin your first year course in Biology here at the university. You might think it is a little early for me to ask you to think about what you will do when you leave here in three years' time. However, our science, like any other] has so many different areas it is impossible for you to study them all. The first thing you will need to think about is specialising. This letter is to offer you some suggestions to think about for your future.
As you know, there are four main areas of biology that we shall concentrate on in the coming years. Biology can be divided into zoology, the study of animal life, and botany, the study of plant life. We shall also study molecular biology, the study of how the building blocks of living things, the cells, work. Another topic of interest is genetics, how biological information is passed on from one generation to the next: that is, inheritance. You should specialise, but you will also need to know about all of these four areas of study. Plants and animals do not live separately from each other; all living things are made up of cells and one of the things genetics tells us is how plants and animals adapt to the conditions around them.
So what about after the course is over and you have graduated in Biology? Can you have a career in biology? For those who choose to specialise in genetics or molecular biology there are important career opportunities in medicine. At the present time, there is a great deal of research going on in gene therapy where biologists are working with doctors and chemists to find new ways of treating diseases. Other biologists are looking at ways of changing the genetic composition of the plants we grow for food; of making them more able to fight diseases and at the same time produce more food.
We are experiencing a period of climatic change too, and this is having an effect on the way animals and plants live. The science of ecology is becoming more and more important; biologists who specialise in zoology are working in many parts of the world. Some are working to protect species like the tiger, which are seriously threatened by climate change. Others are investigating wildlife from the smallest insects to the largest mammals, trying to understand how they all live together. Botanists are looking at the effect new types of food crops have on the environment and how changes in that area can affect our general health. There is even a new area of biology called astrobiology, which is looking at the possibilities of life on other planets - but perhaps that is something for the more distant future.
Whatever you specialise in, as long as there is life on this (or any other) planet, there is work for a biologist.
Good luck and enjoy your studies!
Jean Shearer Professor of Biology
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Answer the questions in your own words.
1. What four areas can biology be divided into?
2. If you are interested in cells, which area should you study?
3. How can zoologists help animals in the wild?
4. In what way can botanists protect people and the environment?
5. What is astrobiology?
Ex. 2. Discuss these questions with your partner.
1. How important do you feel the study of biology is for our world today?
2. Would you prefer not to study it? Why?
3. Are there any areas of biology which you think are more important than others?
Ex. 3. Translate the Sentences into Russian
1. Nowadays biology has so many different areas that it is impossible for one person to study them all.
2. Students should study the four main areas of Biology: zoology, botany, molecular biology and genetics.
3. Genetics studies inheritance and how living things adapt to their surroundings.
4. There are plenty of career opportunities for those with a degree in Biology.
5. Medicine needs talented scientists to carry out research in areas such as gene therapy and virus infections.
6. The world is experiencing a period of climatic change and it is the work of scientists to predict the consequences of this.
7. Ecology studies the environment and the way plants, animals and humans live together and affect each other.
SPEAKING
Prepare a short presentation to answer the question: ‘What is biology?’
Use the information in both texts.
Talk about:
• what the study of biology includes
• the four main areas of biology
• where biologists work
• what biology informs us about
First complete these notes. Use them in your presentation.
Biology: The study of.............
There are four main areas:
................ is about …………………………………………
................ is about…………………………………………
Molecular biology is about...... …………………………….is about inheritance.
Biologists work in..............., and………………………………………………
In conclusion, biology is about………………………………………………..
GRAMMAR
Ex. 1. Complete this true story. Put in a/an or the.
A man decided to rob (1)................... bank in the town where he lived. He walked into (2) bank and handed (3).................. note to one of (4).................... cashiers. (5)…………….. cashier read (6)…………….. note, which told her to give (7)...………….. man some money. Afraid that he might have (8)…………… gun, she did as she was told. (9)................... man then walked out of (10)…………….. building, leaving (11)...................note behind. However, he had no time to spend (12)……………….money because he was arrested (13).................. same day. He had made (14)................ mistake. He had written (15)................... note on (16).................... back of (17)………………. envelope. And on (18).................. other side of (19).............. envelope was his name and address. This clue was quite enough for (20).................. detectives on the case.
Ex.2. Complete the conversations. Put in a/an or the.
Laura: Look outside. The sky is getting very dark.
Trevor: I hope there isn't going to be a storm.
1 Mike: I'm going out for................... walk. Have you seen my shoes?
Harriet: Yes, they're on.................... floor in................... kitchen.
2 Melanie: Would you like.................... tomato? There's one in.................. fridge.
David: Oh, yes, please. I'll make myself.................... cheese and tomato sandwich.
3 Sarah: If you're going into..............city centre, can you post these letters for me?
Mark: Yes, I'll take them to...................main post office.
4 Rita: I've got........... problem with my phone bill. Can I see someone about it?
Receptionist: Yes, go to................... fifth floor.................lift is along the corridor.
5 Tom: I didn't know Melanie had.................... dog.
David: It isn't hers. She's just taking it for a walk while...................owner is away.
6 Vicky: I've got................... headache. I've had it all day.
Rachel: Why don't you go to....................health centre? It's open until six.
Ex. 3. How much do you know about geography? Put in these names: Andes, Brussels, Irish Republic, Italy, Lake Michigan, River Nile, North, Pennsylvania, Tasmania, United Kingdom, West Indies. Decide if you need the.
1. Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania.
2. Dublin is in the Irish Republic.
3. Chicago lies on the shore of.....................................................................
4. Sicily is a part of........................................................................................
5.......................................................are a mountain range in South America.
6. ………………………is England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
7............................................................is an island to the south of Australia.
8. Jamaica is an island in.................................................................................
9. ………………………………………………….. …flows through Egypt.
10.......................................................................... …is the capital of Belgium.
11. Manchester is in......................................................................... of England.
Ex. 5. Complete the story about the theft of a river barge. Put in a, an, one or the.
This is a true story about (1).................... man who chose (2)......................worst possible time for his crime. It happened in London in (3)................. summer of 1972. (4)............... man stole a barge on (5)..... River Thames (in case you don't know, (6)…………….. barge is a river boat used for carrying goods). (7).................... owner of (8)...........…….. barge soon discovered that it was missing and immediately informed (9).................... police so that they could look for it. Normally (10)…………… river is quite (11).....................busy place, and it would be difficult to find what you were looking for. On this day, however, there was (12)...................dock strike, and so there was only (13)…………barge on (14)................ river. (15)...................thief was quickly found and arrested.
Ex. 5. Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If the sentence is correct, put a tick {V). If it is incorrect, cross the unnecessary word out of the sentence and write it in the space.
1. The space capsule came down in the Pacific. V
2. My new job starts in the April. the
3. I was so tired I went to bed at nine.
4. We had a very good lunch in the company canteen.
5. The life just isn't fair sometimes.
6. What the clever children you have!
7. We went out and bought some pictures.
8. Tessa was still working at the midnight.
9. I drive past the hospital every morning.
10. A one boy was much taller than all the others.
LISTENING
Before you listen
Discuss these questions with your partner.
1. How many mammals can you name? Name as many mammals as you can.
2. How many insects can you name?
3. Can you name living things that you can only see under a microscope?
4. What do you know about protozoa such as amoebas?
Ex.1. Listen to this class discussion about protozoa and correct the following statements.
1. The word protozoa means microorganisms.
2. One of protozoa’s ecological functions is to produce bacteria.
3. Paramecium have a simple internal organisation and a fixed shape.
4. All protozoa are parasites and live in humans or animals.
5. Protozoa can only feed by taking in nutrients through the cell mouth.
WRITING
Write a letter to your tutor telling him or her which areas of Biology you would like to specialise in and why. Use these notes to help you.
Dear Mr / Mrs (tutor’s surname),
Writing to tell you choices I have made
Specialise in: (one or two of the main areas)
Reasons for choosing: interested in (plants animals / laboratory work / latest ideas / your own ideas)
Possible career choices: what I hope to do when I graduate (medicine / ecology / agriculture / your own idea)
Offer to meet and discuss choices: I would lie your advice and hope we can...
Yours sincerely,
(your full name: first name + surname)
Write 100-140 words.
UNIT 3
LIFE ORIGIN
VOCABULARY
Ex. 1. Find the Russian equivalents for the following:
to compel, account, to evolve, prevalent, dilemma, to touch, protein, gene, to imply, realm, universe, emerge.
Ex. 2. Find the English equivalents to the following:
сталкиваться с таинством, быть непреодолимой загадкой, выражать мнение, составить мнение, развиваться (эволюционировать), объяснение, научная фантастика, разумное существо, распространенная теория, возникать в результате, совпадать, образовываться или присоединяться, подвергаться мутации, живое состояние материи, широкое распространение, подразумевать (допускать).
READING
TEXT
HOW DID LIFE BEGIN?
Scientists face many mysteries, but there is none so compelling as the mystery of how life on Earth began. The great religions have their own accounts of Creation (it has been done by the God and it took him seven days, according to the Bible, to create the world), but scientists have never able to construct a complete account of the way and moment when dead molecules came together to form organisms that could feed, grow, reproduce and evolve. Nevertheless recent work has suggested some promising theories.
Some new explanations are associated with science fiction. Astronomers Ered Hoyle and N.C. Wickramasinghe suppose that organic molecules fell to the Earth from comets - and indeed meteorites containing organic substances have been found. Biologists Francis Crick and Leslie Qrgel think that Earth might have been seeded with life by some intelligent beings from advanced planets.
The more prevalent theories, however, do not depend on extraterrestrial intervention. They fall into two main categories the view that life began almost as soon as Barth formed, and the view that life emerged in the result of some chemical reactions in the prehistoric oceans on Earth.
At a symposium chemist Carl Woese of the University of Illinois suggested that life on Earth coincided with the birth of the planet. To his mind, dusty water droplets could have collected the chemicals that rapidly evolved into life. Other chemists think creation took millions of years. Earth began with an atmosphere containing almost no oxygen, but mostly water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia. It is simple to make prelife molecules with these gases, suppose Stanley Miller and Harold Urey of the university of Chicago. Chemist Sidney Fox of the University of Miami thinks life began with a protein droplet, perhaps on a volcano.
However the elements of life formed or joined, the more fundamental question goes deeper than chemistry. Theories face a chicken-and-egg dilemma: which came first, an isolated bag of proteins or a naked gene. The question touches the definition of life: is the key feature of life the ability to eat and grow, as proteins do, or to reproduce and evolve, as genes do?
Most scientists, however, believe that the essence of life is evolution, which requires genes. Genes make exact copies of themselves and undergo the mutations and natural selection that produce higher and higher organisms. Among these scientists are Leslie Orgel of the Salk Institute, A.I. Oparin, Russian biochemist. In his book "The Origin of Life" A.I. Oparin wrote:" The origin of life was a transmition from organic to biological chemistry, from lifeless to living matter, from the inanimate to animate realm of nature". According to his theory life arose on earth because of the widespread distribution of carbon, an element with an exceptional tendency to combine with other substances.
All these theories imply that if it happened here, it could happen elsewhere in the universe.
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Answer the following questions:
1. What kind of mystery scientists face is the most compelling?
2. What is the great religions[1] point of -view on the problem?
3. What explanations are associated with science fiction?
4. What about the more prevalent theories, what categories do they fall in?
5. What is the essence of these theories?
6. What is the most fundamental question scientist decide?
7. What do most scientist believe?
8. What did A.I. Oparin write in his book on the problem?
9. Why carbon is considered the most important element in the process of life's origin?
10. All these theories imply that life could originate elsewhere in the universe, don't they?
Ex. 2. Translate the Sentences into Russian
1. There is none so compelling as the mystery of how life on Earth began.
2. Some new explanations are associated with science fiction.
3. Life on Earth coincided with the birth of the planet.
4. Life began with a protein droplet, perhaps on a volcano.
5. The question touches the definition of life.
6. The origin of life was a transmition from organic to biological chemistry, from lifeless to living matter, from the inanimate to animate realm of nature.
7. It has been done by the God and it took him seven days, according to the Bible.
Ex. 3. Give a talk on the origin of life on Earth.
GRAMMAR
Ex. 1. Write the comparative form of the words in brackets.
They've made these chocolate bars smaller (small).
Sport is more interesting (interesting) than politics.
1 Can't you think of anything........................................ (intelligent) to say?
2 Well, the place looks...............................................(clean) now.
3 Janet looks ……………………………… (thin) than she did.
4 You need to draw it…………………................... (carefully).
5 The weather is getting............................................. (bad).
6 The programme will be shown at a........................................... (late) date.
7 I can't stay........................................(long) than half an hour.
8 A mobile phone would be a...................................... (useful) present.
9 I'll try to finish the job....................................... (soon).
10 It was ……………………………… (busy) than usual in town today.
Ex. 2.Write the superlative form of the words in brackets.
0 It's the shortest (short) day of the year.
0 It's the most beautiful (beautiful) building in the world.
1 That was the............................................... (funny) film I've ever seen.
2 It was the ……………......................... (horrible) feeling I've ever had.
3 Have you read her ………................................. (recent) book?
4 It's the.......................................... (large) company in the country.
5 It was the ……………………………….(boring) speech I've ever heard.
6 You've got the..................................... (far) to travel.
Ex. 3. Read this part of Tessa's letter to her friend Angela about her new job. Then look at the answers after the letter and write the correct answer in each space.
My new job is great. I like it (0) much better than my old one. The people here are (1) ………………than I expected. Luckily my new boss isn't as rude (2) …………………my old boss, Mrs. Crossley, was. I hated her. She was the (3) ………………… friendly person I've ever met. Everyone here is older (4)……………. In fact I'm the youngest person (5)………… the office. But I don't mind.
The good thing about the job is that I get a (6)………………more money, although not much more than I did before. The bad thing is that the journey isn't (7)………… simple as it was in my old job, where the bus took me straight there. Now I have to change buses. But I'm allowed to start work early. The earlier I leave home, (8)................… the journey is because the buses aren't so crowded.
0 a) more b) most c) much d) very
1 a) more nice b) most nice c) nicer d) nicest
2 a) as b) so c) than d) that
3 a) least b) less c) less and less d) so
4 a) as I b) as me c) than I d) than me
5 a) from b) in c) of d) out of
6 a) bit b) less c) lot d) much
7 a) as b) less c) more d) same
8 a) more easier b) more easy c) the easier d) the easy
LISTENING
Before you listen
Discuss these questions with your partner.
- What is extinction?
- Give examples of extinct animals.
- Do you know of any animals that are in danger of becoming extinct?
- How can they be saved?
Listen to the extract from a lecture about immunisation. Then listen again and fill in the gaps in the typescript.
Historically, being immunised against diseases is a relatively new thing but that doesn’t mean the idea hadn’t been thought of before. If we go as far back as 429 BC, the historian Thucydides noted that after a (1)…………... plague in Athens, those who survived did not become infected again. This was at a time before there was even recognition of such things as (2)…………………… and viruses.
Nowadays, we take it for granted that we will be vaccinated and avoid diseases like polio but how many of us actually stop to ask ourselves what is behind the (3)………
we have? How does vaccination work? Basically, it is the process by which a person is exposed, that is, made open to an agent so that his or her immune system develops against that agent. The immune system makes antibodies which fight against infection.
Once the human immune system is exposed to a disease, it is able to act against any future infection. Vaccination exposes a person to an immunogen - something which helps develop immunity - in a controlled way by using a (4)……………. dose so he or she doesn’t become ill while being immunised.
The good thing about a vaccination programme is that it can limit the spread of a disease among a population, reducing the risk for people who have not been vaccinated so we have something which is known as herd (5)…………………... That means when the number of non-immune people has dropped to a certain level, the disease will disappear from the whole population. This is how nowadays we have achieved the elimination of many diseases.
WRITING
Write a simple curriculum vitae, following a standard format.
CV
Name: Robert John Adams
Address: 1084 Franklin Avenue, Los Angeles, USA
Telephone number: 213 851 0890
Date of birth: Exactly 32 years from the date of the lesson
Nationality: British
Marital status: Married
Education: St Martin's School for Boys, Birmingham; University of Oxford;
Qualifications: A levels in English, Spanish, History and Economics; BA in Law; Diploma in International Law
Present position: Teacher of International Law at Central College for Legal Studies
Previous employment: Legal adviser for international company in London for five years
Additional skills and interests: cycling, judo (black belt) computers, keeping fit.
