Pollution control

To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution.

Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollution control. In the field of land development, low impact development is a similar technique for the prevention of urban runoff.

Practices

· recycling

· reusing

· waste minimization

· mitigating

· preventing

· compost

Ex. 1. Translate the Sentences into Russian.

1. The problem of urban sprawl is caused by growing cities.

2. As a result, animals are loosing their habitats.

3. Tigers are in danger because hunters kill them in order to sell their skins.

4. Governments should introduce harsher punishments for illegal hunters.

5. We are going to the country by pleasure – boat.

6. Pollution is damaging our environment.

7. Industrial waste is polluting our seas.

8. To make a long story short. I should like the consult you.

9. The present and the past are closely interrelated.

10. It`s a chain reaction.

SPEAKING

Ex. 1. Discuss what the problems are and how they can be solved.

Problems: oil slicks, noise, smog, congestion, gas emissions, acid rain, careless disposal of waste, unpleasant smells, unnecessary packaging, dumping oil/toxic waste, etc

Solutions: coastguard surveillance, radar systems, filters, fines, laws on use of horns, catalytic converters, unleaded petrol, better public transport, ban on careless disposal of rubbish, biodegradable packaging, improved waste disposal systems, etc

Model: One of the problems caused by cars is noise. This can be avoided if laws on the use of horns are enforced, and exhaust pipes are in good condition.

Ex. 2. Match the words in the list with the nouns. Use each word only once. Which of the collocations are used to describe threats to the environment? Which describe possible ways to solve environmental problems?

Acid, greenhouse, factory, nuclear, oil, breeding, conservation, environmental, forest, endangered, national, thick.

1. ….. species

2. ….. rain

3. ….. emissions

4. ….. awareness

5. ….. parks

6. ….. waste

7. ….. programmes

8. ….. areas

9. ….. smog

10. ….. spills

11. ….. fires

12. ….. gases

Ex. 3. Read the table, then in pairs discuss the problems, their effects and their solutions as in the example:

Problems	Effects	Solutions
litter/rubbish	dirty streets, spread of diseases	encourage recycling, use litter bins
air pollution	breathing problems, cancer risk	unleaded petrol, filters in factories, ban cars from city centers
water pollution	fish die, stomach illnesses	limit use of chemicals in industry, fine factories which pollute seas/rivers

Model: A: Dropping litter can result in dirty streets.

B: That's true. I think we should use litter bins instead of dropping litter carelessly. etc.

Ex. 4. Recommend measures to be to prevent environmental pollution.

GRAMMAR

Ex. 1. In this exercise you have to explain what some words mean. Choose the right meaning and then write a sentence with who. Use a dictionary if necessary.

he/she steals from a shop

he/she designs buildings

he/she doesn't believe in God

he/she is not brave

he/she buys something from a shop

he/she pays rent to live in a house or flat

he/she breaks into a house to steal things

he/she no longer works and gets money from the state

1. (an architect) _Architect is someone who designs buildings._

2. (a burglar) _A burglar is someone ---.

3. (a customer) ---.

4. (a shoplifter) ---.

5. (a coward) ---.

6. (an atheist) ---.

7. (a pensioner) ---.

8. (a tenant) ---.

Ex. 2. Make one sentence from two. Use who/that/which.

1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.

The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital.

2. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away.

3. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient.

4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.

5. Some people were arrested. They have now been released.

6. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.

Ex. 3. Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where.

1. What's the name of the man _who_ car you borrowed?

2. A cemetery is a place --- people are buried.

3. A pacifist is a person --- believes that all wars are wrong.

4. An orphan is a child --- parents are dead.

5. The place --- we spent our holidays was really beautiful.

6. This school is only for children --- first language is not English.

7. 1 don't know the name of the woman to --- I spoke on the phone.

Ex. 4. Make two sentences from one using a relative clause. Use the sentence in brackets to make the relative clause.

1. Mr. Carter is very interested in our plan. (I spoke to him on the phone last night.)

Mr. Carter, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.

2. This is a photograph of our friends. (We went on holiday with these friends.)

This is a photograph

3. The wedding took place last Friday. (Only members of the family were invited to it.)

The wedding

4. Sheila finally arrived. (We had been waiting for her.)

5. We climbed to the top of the tower. (We had a beautiful view from there.)

LISTENING

Listen to part of a TV programme about climate change. Then decide if the following statements are true or false.

1. The report suggests there are reasons for hope as well as worry

2. In the past, ice ages and droughts killed off all life

3. Temperatures are rising at five degrees every century

4. Some plants and animals move as climates become warmer

5. There are mountain animals that will die if temperatures rise

WRITING

You have received a letter from your English–speaking pen friend, Ben.

… I live in the centre of the city. But I’ve always dreamed about living in the country.

…Where do you live: in the city or in the country? What are the best things about living in your place? Where would you like to live, why? …

Write him a letter and answer his 3 questions.

Write 100–120 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.

APPENDIX

COMPONENTS OF A LETTER

1. Sender’s address

2. Date

3. Receiver’s name, title and address

4. Salutation

5. Body of letter

6. Complimentary close

7. Signature

8. Name and title of the sender

9. Enclosure

95 New Edition Road

Cambridge CB2 2 RU

United Kingdom

7 May, 2005

Dr. Boris N. Ivanov

Department of Physics

Rostov State University

5 Zoige St.

Rostov-on-Don,

RUSSIA

Dear Dr. Ivanov,

The opening paragraph should arise the reader’s interest in the subject of the letter. State the pur­pose of your letter.

Put each separate idea in a separate paragraph.

Letters have to be typed or word-processed accu­rately with a smart, clear layout.

Yours sincerely,

(sign here)

Should be printed or written accurately

(if you are noting that you have enclosed some­thing else with your letter)

We can write contractions (I’ve, were, I’ll) in an informal letter, but not in a formal one.

All letters begin with Dear...

You can end an informal letter with Best wishes or Love.

Here are some useful phrases for informal letters: