Production of Petroleum and Gas

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Lesson Five

SOLID GAS

I. Words and expressions to be remembered:

1. source - источник

2. deposit - залежь

3. state - состояние

4. toexceed - превышать

5. regularnaturalgas - обычный природный газ

6. toresemble – напоминать, быть похожим

7. non-transparent - непрозрачный

8. sedimentary – осадочный

9. mantle - мантия

10. sub-zero - ниженуля

11. volume - объем

12. although - хотя

13. to dissolve - растворять

14. to infer - выводить, подразумевать

15. to estimate – исчислять, оценивать

16. agreement - соглашение

17. to convert - превращать

18. to achieve - достигать

19. spiritsolution - спиртовой раствор

20. tosupply - поставлять, снабжать

21. possible - возможный

22. reserve – запас, месторождение

23. visually - визуально

24. the Earth’s crust – земнаякора

25. according to – всоответствии

26. salt solution – соляной раствор

1. site – место, площадь (зд. месторождения)

2. introduction – введение

3. to raise – повышать

4. antihydrate – антигидратный

5. to exist – существовать

6. scale - масштаб

II. Read аndtranslаtе word combinations:

а 1аrgе deposit, a large source, free state, solid state, liquid state, sub-zero, over-zero, slightly over-zero, large volume, inferred deposits, according tо scientific calculations, practical realization, principle agreement, to convert into other states, large area, large scale, industrial scale.

III. Translate the words of the same root:

agree – agreement – agreeable - disagreeable; free - freely - freedom; realize - realization, exploit - exploitation - exploiting; use - usage; science - scientist - scientific; exist - existence; main - mainly; achieve - achievement; important - importance; calculate - calculation - calculated.

IV. Find the synonyms:

deposit, slightly, utilization, to resemble, to calculate, reserve, usage, a little, large, huge, to look like, estimate.

V. Translate into Russian paying attention to the underlined predicates:

1. Natural gas exists not only in a gaseous but in a solid state as well.

2. One volume of hydrate may contain up to 200 volumes of gas.

3. The scientists have come to the conclusion.

4. Soviet geologists have established huge deposits of natural gas.

5. Solid gas should be converted into free state.

6. They form in the Earth’s crust.

7. Only one deposit is being exploited.

8. It has been supplying gas to Norilsk.

VI. Translate the follоwing words:

источник, месторождение, возможный, объем, напоминать, состояние, растворять, превращать, достигать, поставлять, снабжать, превышать.

VII. Read and translate the text and answer the questions:

Solid Gas

Gas hydrates, or solid gas are a new large source of heat energy and chemical raw material on our planet.

In our country they have already started the exploitation of these deposits and it is possible that in the near future they will become an important source of hydrоcаrbon raw material.

The hydrосаrbon reserves in the state of gas hydrates exceed several times the summary reserves of coal, oil, regular natural gas on our planet.

Visually they resemble non-transparent ice. They form in the Earth's crust in its upper sedimentary mantle, when ethane, butane, propane and other gases combine with water under pressure of 0 to 250 atmospheres and under sub-zero or slightly above-zero temperatures (up to 20 degrees Centigrade). One volume of hydrate may contain up to 200 volumes of gas, although under normal conditions it is difficult to dissolve more than 4 cubic meters of natural gas in a cubic meter of water.

According to scientific calculations, the inferred reserves of solid gas in the sea and ocean can be estimated at 10¹⁸с.m.

The most difficult part in the practical realization of the huge perspectives for the usage of solid gas is the exploitation of hydrate deposits. The scientists have come to the main principle agreement — gas should be converted into its free state at site. This can be achieved by reducing the pressure, by raising the temperature or through introduction of antihydrate liquids - salt or spirit solutions. Soviet geologists have discovered nearly 30 areas where solid gas could exist, but only one of them is being exploited in the North of Krasnoyarsk Territory.

For many years it has been supplying gas to Norilsk.

During the next years we maу speak about exploiting gas hydrate deposits on the industrial scale.

VIII. Answer the questions:

1. What is a new large source of heat energy?

2. What country has already started the exploitation of these deposits?

3. Ноw large are gas hydrates reserves on our planet?

4. What do they look like?

5. Under what conditions do they form?

6. What is the most difficult part in the practical realization for the usage of solid gas?

7. What conclusions have the scientists come to?

8. How many areas rich in gas hydrates have the Soviet geologists established?

9. How many of them are being exploited now?

IX. TranslateintoEnglish:

1. Твердый газ - не только новый источник энергии, но и ценное сырье.

2. Внешне он напоминает непрозрачный лед,

3. Один объем гидрата может содержать до 200 объемов газа.

4. Советские геологи открыли более 30 месторождений твердого газа.

5. Наша страна начала эксплуатацию месторождений твердого газа.

6. Самое трудное в использовании твердого газа - эксплуатация его месторождений.

X. Translate into Russian:

1. Gas hydrates were discovered by H. Davy in 1811 and the early classical contribution to our knowledge of gas hydrates was made by Fагаdау, Rooseboom and others.

2. Russian scientists have detected about 30 pools that could contain natural gas hydrates.

3. Тhе maximum depth of hydrate formations ranges from about 500 meters near the southern end of Yamal Peninsula to over 1200m. in the Viluy basin and over 1600 meters towards the lower reaches of the Lena River.

XI. Speak on:

1. The conditions under which solid gas has been found.

2. The exploitation of hydrate deposits.

Lesson Six

Production of Petroleum and Gas

I. Words and expressions to be remembered:

1. production - производство, добыча

2. well - скважина

3. to bail оut - вычерпывать

4. deep - глубокий

5. to deepen – углублять

6. bed – залежь, пласт