VII. Read and translate the text. Write down your translation of the second paragraph

Another Way to Think About Natural Resource Management

1. Another way to think about natural resource management is to think about the purpose of the management. The management objectives are determined by the purpose of the resource itself—as a primary resource, as a raw material or fuel, as a source of food, or as a recreational resource. Those uses fall into two broad categories, consumptive and non-consumptive. Consumptive utilization implies a once-only form of use—that is, it refers to activities in which the resource is effectively consumed or used up, such that it cannot be utilized by another party. Hence, the possibility of future exploitation relies on the resource’s ability to regenerate itself. Non-consumptive utilization also uses the resource to generate economic value, but it does so without using up the resource itself. That category encompasses most recreational uses of natural resources. In the case of consumptive uses, management implies balancing exploitation with a respect for the resource’s regenerative capacities. In non-consumptive uses, management centers on regulating the ways in which humans interact with the resource and containing the negative effects of those interactions on the resource. In either case, management is always about resolving a tension between the potentially conflicting objectives of protection and exploitation.

2. Sometimes the use of a resource may change over time or from one part of the globe to the next. The overexploitation of whales is a case in point: whales were initially a primary raw material and fuel in the West, until the mid-20th century, whereas today whales are considered a recreational resource in the West and a food in other areas. This coexistence of different forms of use around the same resource has generated conflicts.

3. Another strand in natural resource management literature focuses on the difficulties in managing collective resources—that is, resources not contained within specific territorial boundaries (such as the sea or air) or resources whose management at the local level has global repercussions, such as forests.

VIII. Answer the questions:

1. What are the management objectives determined by?

2. What does the possibility of future exploitation of natural resources rely on?

3. When does management center on regulating the ways in which humans interact with the resource?

Variant X

I. Complete the sentences (1- 9) with the words (a-i):

A) salary b) projects c) competitive d) CEO e) pension f) rate g) customers