Development of law

Law develops as society evolves. Historically, the simplest societies were tribal. The members of the tribe were bonded together initially by kinship and worship of the same gods. Even in the absence of 31) ____ and legislature there was law — a blend of 32) ______, morality, religion, and magic. The visible 33) ______ was the ruler, or chief; the highest authorities were the gods whose will was revealed in the forces of nature and in the revelations of the tribal head or the priests. Wrongs against the tribe, such as 34) ______ or breach of tribal custom, were met with sanctions, and, the tribe members thought, with the wrath of the gods. People appeased the gods in ritualistic ceremonies ending perhaps in sacrifice or expulsion of the 35) _______. Wrongs against individuals, such as 36) _______, theft, adultery, or failure to repay a debt, were avenged by the family of the 37) _______, often in actions against the family of the wrongdoer. Revenge of this kind was based on tribal custom, a 38) _____ component of early law. Tribal society gradually evolved into territorial confederations. 39) _______ structures emerged, and modern law began to take shape. The most significant historical example is Roman law, which influenced most of the 40) ______ systems of the world.

Література:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

3. Гужва Т. М. Англійська мова: Розмовні теми: Навч. посіб. Для студентів фак. Інозем. Філології, університетів, ліцеїв, гімназій та коледжів. – Харків: Фоліо, 2005. – 414с.

4. Бессонова І. В. Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням). Навчальний посібник для дистанційного навчання. – К.: Університет «Україна», 2005. – 263с.

Практичне заняття 2

Тема: Уресторані (кафе).

 Three of the restaurants are real places, but one is invented. Which one do you think isn't real?

DRACULA'S RESTAURANT • Melbourne, Australia

Dinner is different at Dracula's. Start your evening with an interesting cocktail in the Graveyard Bar, then get on the ghost train for the dark, terrifying journey into Dracula's Restaurant. There you can enjoy a four-course meal and a two-hour cabaret, followed by dancing in the Graveyard Disco. Dracula's is great for just two people but also for birthday parties, office parties - even wedding parties. Dress: black is best!

RED SEA STAR RESTAURANT • Éclat, Israel

Do you enjoy eating by the sea? How about under the sea? The Red Sea Star Restaurant lies seven metres under the sea and 35 metres from land, and is surrounded by coral and colourful fish. The restaurant is lovely inside, too, with its strange, flowing windows, and fantastic fishy furniture. This is a wonderful place to have a meal. And the best thing on the menu? The fish, of course.

COLOURS RESTAURANT • London, England

Colours Restaurant has a different colour for each night of the week. Friday is Yellow Night, and all the food is yellow or orange. You might have carrot soup, then fish in a lemon sauce, then a fruit salad. Other things change, too. On Saturday the food is red, and so are the waiters' jackets, the tablecloths and even the flowers. On Wednesdays, everything is blue and purple. So find out the day's colour before you go, as most guests like to choose clothes that go with their meal.

TWINS RESTAURANT • New York, usa

All 80 people who work at Twins Restaurant are identical twins. They work together at the same tables, and they wear the same clothes. The owners are twins, too. Lots of other things here are in pairs: there are double lamps, double mirrors and, of course, double bar stools. You don't have to be a twin to eat here, but if you are, come along together: you can sign our twin guest book, we'll put your photo on the wall - and you get two drinks for the price of one!

Завдання 21-30 мають чотири варіанти відповіді, серед яких лише один правильний. Виберіть правильний, на Вашу думку, варіант відповіді, позначте його в бланку відповіді біля номера завдання.

21. The Pan Am’s flight at 3:00 suits me …

a) perfect         b) perfectly          c) perfected      d) perfectless

22. She asked me where … to sit?

a) I did prefer         b) did I prefer         c) I preferred     d) prefers

23. Karen and Vera … for an hour before the train came.

a) have been arguing      b) had been arguing      c) were arguing      d) argued

24. She … arrive in some hours.

a) should      b) must      c) ought to      d) has to

25. Mr. Walsh … his suitcase before we came.

a) checked      b) had checked      c) has checked      d) was checking

26. Ruth … a return ticket by that time next Tuesday.

a) will be buying      b) will buy  c) will have been buying d) will have bought

27. They said that she … a reserved seats car.

a) don’t like      b) doesn’t like c) didn’t like         d) hasn’t liked

28. We think you … tell your parents you will deal with this bank.

a) have to  b) should      c) must       d) ought to

29. What are the … hours in most banks of the USA?

a) opened               b) open         c) opening         d) opens

30. The clerk wanted to know where he … the cheque and if they … any ID.

a) buys, has        b) will buy, will have c) bought, have             d) bought, had

Граматичнийматеріал:

Ex. 2. Change the following statements into indirect speech.

1. I often play tennis. 2. She is staying with her aunt. 3. She went to Moscow alone. 4. He has gone home. 5. I will go with Anna. 6. She wrote another romantic novel. 7. He will write a detective story next. 8. Mary was speking with her relatives in the evening yesterday. 9. They are hapy now. 10. He studies at the university in the USA. 11. He travelled to Africa last year. 12. I know Spanish a little. 13. He often takes part in differenet sports competitions. 14. She went to Kyiv on holiday. 15. I told you about it yesterday.

Ex. 3. Change the following questions into indirect speech.

1. Did you go home early yesterday? 2. Will you write to me next week? 3. Will you go to the sea this year? 4. Did you take your Literature examination? 5. Have you ever visited Africa? 6. Are you married? 7. Are you going to the library today? 8. When will you stop asking me the same question? 9. Where did they meet? 10. How long do you want to stay in the country? 11. When did they return? 12. Who told you that? 13. How well does he know English? 14. Where are they going to stay in London? 15. Did I forget about anything? 16. Where does he study? 17. How often do they invite him for dinners? 18. Do you know anything about Mr Jones? 19. How did you get to the station? 20. Have you heard the news? 21. Did she sing that beautiful song? 22. What will you watch? 23. Are they going to leave soon? 24. Did they speak about you?

Література:

1. БарановськаТ.В. Граматикаанглійськоїмови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

3. Гужва Т. М. Англійська мова: Розмовні теми: Навч. посіб. Для студентів фак. Інозем. Філології, університетів, ліцеїв, гімназій та коледжів. – Харків: Фоліо, 2005. – 414с.

4. Бессонова І. В. Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням). Навчальний посібник для дистанційного навчання. – К.: Університет «Україна», 2005. – 263с.

Практичне заняття 3

Тема: Англійська та американська їжа.

Breakfast in Britain

All people in the world have breakfast, and most people eat and drink the same things for breakfast. They may eat different things for all the other meals in the day, but at breakfast time, most people have the same things to eat and drink - Tea or Coffee, Bread and Butter, Fruit.

Some people eat meat for breakfast. English people usually eat meat a1 breakfast time, but England is a cold country. It is bad to eat meat foi breakfast in a hot country. It is bad to eat too much meat; if you eat meal for breakfast, you eat meat three times a day; and that is bad in a ho1 country. It is also bad to eat meat and drink tea at the same time, for te; makes meat hard so that the stomach cannot deal with it.

The best breakfast is Tea or Coffee, Bread and Butter, Fruit. That it the usual breakfast of most people in the world.