Classification (G): according to their degree of unexpectedness

Genuine (absolutely unexpected, unpredictable) belong to lang-in-action, speech Ms ray of hope (оригин)
Trite (стертая) - (commonly used in speech and therefore are sometimes fixed in dictionaries as expressive means of lang.) belong to lang-as-a-system, lang proper – the Niagara of tears
Dead - a metaphor which has lost the original imagery of its meaning due to extensive, repetitive popular usage. Because dead metaphors have a conventional meaning that differs from the original, they can be understood without knowing their earlier connotation. Dead metaphors are generally the result of a semantic shift in the evolution of a language. It’srainingcatsanddogs.
Sustained (развернутая)

According to their position in the utterance:

Nominative the world is an unweeded garden
Predicative she steamed out of the room…
Sentential what kind of mood did you find your boss in? – A lion roared.

Met-s: simple (only 1 image is evoked) sustained (extended) – some concept is extended in some paragraphs or ever short stories.

Functions:

- to provide a particular compact means of expression

- to make one’s experience and one’s utterance sound more vivid

- to characterize a person or an object, to describe sb. / sth. – descriptive function

- evaluative function

- explanatory function

- aesthetic function

Publicist functional style

MassMediaclaimstobethemostimportanttextualsystemofcontemporarytimebecauseofitscontinuousproductivity, thedepthandthedailypenetrationinsomepopularconsciousness.

3 areas (newspapers&magazines, radio, TV) areconsideredtobeknowledge-producinginstitutions. ThecentralprototypicaloutputofMassMediaisnews. ItsdominantplatformnowistheInternetinadditiontobroadcastingandprint. Newsiswhatnewsorganizationshaveselectedforinclusionandwhatgetsprintedorbroadcast.

Ekstrom (Americanscholar): news – reliable, neutral, current, factualinformationthatisimportantandvaluableforcitizens.

Anotherscholar (Schudson) offers a broaderdefinition: Newsisinformationandcommentary on contemporaryaffairstakentobepubliclyimportant, thoughheadmitsthatinanyday’spresentationofnewsthereis a greatdealofinformation, whichmaybeinterestingbutnotimportant (relatedtoourtime).

Anotherpointofview (MartinMontgomery): news - informationaboutcurrentorrecentevents, happeningsorchanges takingplaceoutsidetheimmediatepurviewoftheaudienceandwhichisconsideredtobeoflikelyinterestorconcerntothem. (Inthelecture: … takingplaceintheworldand … tothepublic)

Newscanbeprintedorbroadcast. Differences:

1) differentchannelsofperception

2) differentmodality

Broadcastnewsconsistsofthemediatedandregularpresentationofthematerialto a masspublic.

Publicist style of the English language.
Or journalese-journalistic writing, intermediate position between BL style And NP. In terms of medium –spoken and written variety. Genres-oratory&speeches, radio&TV commentary
-essays, book reviews, pamphlets
-journ-c articles (polit, econ, pop-scientific)
Functions: persuasive, informatory, expressing the feelings and the attitude, manipulating public opinion, aesthetic. 2 types of discourse: political and critical.
Political D-relies on the principle that people’s perception can be influenced by lang. Implicature-indirectly communicated info, to persude people. (#we will save NHS-impl-now it’s in danger). Political correctness-replaciong old labels by new ones, an attempt to alter people’s opinion. The use of pronouns-to foreground or hide responsibility.Combination of written &spoken varieties of Eng.lang.:direct address, 2nd person proN, contracted forms, colloq.ws.EM&SD:repet, paral, antithesis,suspense,climax, rhet.quest., quest-in-the-nar.
Critical D. Involves direct eval. Major functions-to express judgement (it involves eval, recomenation, interpretation), argument (principal argum-presentation of general thesis and demonstration-require classif, comparison) (PIE-pointing the idea, illustrating the point, explanation), affective element (simile, oxymoron, metap, antithesis, hyperbole). Ling. means:
-modality (modal Vs, Vs like to claim-implies doubt etc)
-selection of w-s and their arrangement (neutral cn be evaluative). Explicit means of eval: opinion Ws(consider, believe, deem), opinion predicates (hope, fear). Implicit means-semantic heterogeneity, use of quasi-adjective (smiled her girl-behind-the-counter-smile), immediate proximity (and the cowboys,and the gold and silver miners, and the negroes..)

Could be discussed in terms of medium, genres, functions, types of discourse.

A mode of rhetoric in the broadest sense of the word. Value laden, ideologically determinant with a clear potential to influence people’s views.

According to the medium we distinguish between spoken and written:

- radio interviews/commentaries

- essays

- book reviews

- pamphlets

- analytical journalistic articles (political, economic, social, popular-scientific)

Functions:

1) shaping public opinion (argumentative)

2) convey information

3) expressing the attitude and the feelings of the addressor