III. Translate the underlined words and make up your own sentences with these words

Fingerprints

Fingerprints found at the scene of a crime can be evidence connecting an individual with a crime. Fingerprints can be either visible or latent. Visible prints --formed by dirt or blood, for example--or three-dimensional prints formed in soft matrices, can be photographed directly. Latent fingerprints, which are not ordinarily visible, can be brought out by dusting techniques

when the surface is hard and by chemical techniques when the surface is porous. In dusting for fingerprints, a fine powder of contrasting colour is applied with a fine brush. The powder clings to the residual oils and fats in the print and the excess powder is removed with the brush. On porous surfaces such as paper, fuming iodine, silver nitrate, or ninhydrin solutions are used to develop the latent fingerprints. The most effective developer of latent fingerprints is ninhydrin, which can reveal prints that are several years old.

Fingerprints are identified on the basis of agreements in a significant number of individualities, commonly known as "points." These are the bifurcations, ending ridges, and dots in the fingerprint pattern. If sufficient points are found with spatial relationship to other points, a basis exists for identifying a fingerprint. It was formerly considered necessary to have 12 points to identify a fingerprint, but in current practice, a lesser number is often used. Palm prints and footprints are identified in the same manner as fingerprints.

Tasks to the text:

I. Give all possible word combinations:

prints (скрытые, видимые, невидимые, пластичные)

evidence (вещественные, косвенные, прямые, подтверждающие, убедительные)

fingerprints (найти, обработать порошком, проявить, подделать)

evidence (искать, измерять, извлекать, разрушать, загрязнять, собирать)

the scene of the crime (осматривать, охранять, фотографировать)

II Do the following tasks:

· Divide text into logical parts.

· Give the name to each part.

· Give the contents of each part in 1-3 phrases.

· Give the summury of the whole text.

Lesson 10. MY FUTURE PROFESSION

Legal professions in GB

Solicitors. There are about 50000 solicitors, a number which is rapidly increasing, and they make up by far the largest branch of the legal profession in England and Wales. They are found in every town, where they deal with all the day-to-day work of preparing legal documents for buying and selling houses, making wills, etc. Solicitors also work on court cases for their clients, prepare cases for barristers to present in the higher courts, and may represent their client in a Magistrates court.

Barristers. There are about 5000 barristers who defend or prosecute in the higher courts. Although solicitor and barristers work together on cases, barristers specialize in representing clients in court and the training and career structures for the two types of lawyer are quite separate. In court, barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping with the extreme formality of the proceedings. The highest level of barristers have the title QC (Queens Counsel).

Judges. There are a few hundred judges, trained as barristers, who preside in more serious cases. There is no separate training for judges.

Jury. A jury consist of twelve people (Jurors), who are ordinary people chosen at random from the Electoral Register (the list of people who can vote in elections). The jury listen to the evidence given in court in certain criminal cases and decide whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the person is found guilty, the punishment is passed by the presiding judge. Juries are rarely used in civil cases.

Magistrates. There are about 30000 magistrates (Justices of the Peace or JPs), who judge cases in the lower courts. There are usually unpaid and have no formal legal qualifications, but they are respectable people who are given some training.

Coroners. Coroners have medical or legal training (or both), and inquire into violent or unnatural deaths.

Clerks of the court. Clerks look after administrative and legal matters in the courtroom.

Tasks to the text:

I. Compare legal professions in Russia and Great Britain.

II. Write the topic about your future profession.

III.

Appendix 1. THE USA QUIZ

1. What is the official name of the USA?

2. Where is the USA situated?

3. Which countries does the USA border on?

4. What is the population of the USA?

5. What is the type of the state?

6. How many states are there in the USA?

7. Which four states of the USA begin with the word NEW?

8. Which 2 of the states are separated from the others?

9. Name the main political parties of the country and say which animals symbolize each party?

10. Describe the flag of the state.

11. How many presidents have been in the USA before G. Bush?

12. What is the largest city?

13. What is the biggest state?

14. What are the biggest rivers, the largest lakes and highest mountain chains?

15. What is the climate in the USA?

16. Which branches of heavy & light industry are highly developed in the USA? 

17. What can you say about the capital of the state?

18. Which kinds of sports are the most popular in the USA? (4)

19. Which famous American document begins with the words, “We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union…”

Appendix 2.

US Constitution

The Constitution defines the fundamental law of the United States federal government, setting forth the three principal branches of the federal government, outlining their jurisdictions, and propounding the basic rights of U.S. citizens. It has become the landmark legal document of the Western world, and is the oldest written national constitution currently in effect. The essential principle of the document is that government must be confined to the rule of law.

The Constitution of the USA guarantees the right of each individual over age 18 to take part in government. The government cannot take this right away. For their part, citizens in a democracy have the responsibility to participate in government.

Through the years, the Constitution has remained the basis of American government. It states the important rights in which Americans believe. All law in the United States is based on the Constitution. In addition, the Constitution describes how the national government is organised. It provides ways to make, change, and enforce the laws of the United States.

The national government only has certain powers. The Constitution gives all powers to the states and the people. This makes the United States a federal republic, or union of states.The federal government decides matters that affect all the states or the people as a whole. Individual states are responsible for local government. For example, each state controls its own schools, highways, and law enforcement.

Appendix 3. Bill of Rights.

The conventions of a number of the States having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added.

Article the first [Not Ratified]

After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons.

Article the second [Amendment XXVII - Ratified 1992]
No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.

Article the third [Amendment I]
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Article the fourth [Amendment II]
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Article the fifth [Amendment III]
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Article the sixth [Amendment IV]
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Article the seventh [Amendment V]
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Article the eighth [Amendment VI]
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

Article the ninth [Amendment VII]
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Article the tenth [Amendment VIII]
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Article the eleventh [Amendment IX]
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Article the twelfth [Amendment X]
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.