Pp. 110-111. Performed by Antropova, Dundukova, Niyamatova, Sosnova, Bulatova

Pp. 102-106.

1.1

1) Agriculture includes growing crops and rearing animals. Agriculture produces a wide range of products for manufacturing industries as well as food.

2) Physical, economic and human factors all exert an influence upon agriculture. At the global scale the distribution of agriculture is most influenced by climate. Large parts of the planet are unsuitable for farming because they are either too cold or too dry. All crops have minimum requirements for heat. Growth usually begins when the mean daily air temperature rises above 6 C. Moreover, temperatures need to be above this critical level for at least 120 days. As you go nearer to the poles, temperatures fall and the growing season shortens, until cultivation is impossible. This is the main reason why cultivation rarely extends beyond latitude 60 in the northern hemisphere.

3) In the economically developed world, almost all farming is commercial. Farmers produce crops and livestock products for sale to make a profit. In the economically developing world farmers and their families grow crops mainly for their own consumption. What's left may be sold or traded for other products in local markets. Farmers practice different kinds of subsistence farming, based on their needs and locations. Farmers in the densely populated river valleys of India, the People's Republic of China, and Southeast Asia use intensive subsistence farming, planting as much food as possible on any lands that will support crops. Shifting cultivation is the traditional method of farming in the tropical rainforest. The rainforest has very poor soils cultivation is impossible. Shiffting cultivators make temporary clearings in the forest. The ash from the burnt vegetation fertilizes the soil and allows cultivation for up to two years. Initially yields are good. However, cropping (farming without rotating crops) and heavy rainfall quickly remove plant nutrients from the soil, and it loses fertility.

1.2

1) In only a few remote and difficult environments people continue to practice the hunting and gathering way of life.

2) Breeding new crops

3) But during the 1960s, scientists in Mexico and the USA developed new varieties of wheat, while scientists in Japan, Taiwan and Philippines developed new varieties of rice. These new varieties were better able to survive poor weather conditions. They also produced higher yields. Most important they grew more quickly making it possible for farmers to grow at least one extra crop The new "miracle seeds" made it possible for the supply of food to grow at a faster rate than the number of people.

4) To produce food, people have long depended on the natural resources of their environments. But during the 1960s, scientists in Mexico and the USA developed new varieties of wheat, while scientists in Japan, Taiwan and Philippines developed new varieties of rice. These new varieties were better able to survive poor weather conditions. They also produced higher yields.

5) Modern large-scale highly efficient farming, based on scientific and business principles.

1.3.

1) In the 1970s and 1980s the European Union (EU) policies favored expanding food production. This caused huge economic problems through overproduction and it was also ruinous for the environment.

2) Оverproduction of food, and environmental damage. The European Union (EU) has encouraged farmers for low levels of cultivation and breeding.

 

3) In some areas, farmers are compensated by the government for farming with lower nitrate levels. Some farmers have tumed to organic farming. It is farming without using any artificial fertilizers or pesticides. The result is thar cach hectare produces less and the products cost more for the consumerto buy Although the products of organic farming are more expensive, many customers will pay more for tiem because they contain po harmful chemicals Organically grown crops are also attractive because they are produced by a sustainable system which docs pot damage the environment, lower inputs of should benefit the environment.
2. pp. 107- 108

2.2.

1) to recover the environment; to alternate a plot; to make damage; to divert a river; to cause a profit; to reduce costs; to resist frost; to abandon a business; to feed animals; to run the population; to protect fertility; to rear crops.

2) subsistence agriculture; daily yield; chemical fertilizers; crop air temperature; to near future; camp sites; integrated system; coastal water; genetic engineering; government policy; dairy products; shifting cultivation.

2.4.

1) to use up - to exhaust; to encourage - to favorite; to raise - to grow; to abandon - to leave; to foresee - to predict; to allow - to make possible; to alternate - to keep changing.

2) harvest – crop; production – output; mean - average; due to - because of; vulnerable – weak.

2.5.

Domestic - steep; gentle - wild; to benefit - to damage; temporary - permanent; mild - severe; to survive - to die.

2.6.

Требование – requirement

Уязвимый – vulnerable

Домашний скот – livestock

Приручать животных - domesticate

Власти, администрация – authorities

Кочевой – nomadic

Пахотная – arable

Доход – income

Съедобный – edible

Урожай - yield

pp. 110-111. Performed by Antropova, Dundukova, Niyamatova, Sosnova, Bulatova

- Chemistry in food helps to preserve food for a longer time.

 - the food tastes better. -lower costs for the consumer and manufacturer

- enrichment with vitamins of products that, as a result of processing, have lost them

Minuses:

excessive chemistry is harmful to health

- some substances are hazardous to health (intolerance of any substance to an individual person)

 - some manufacturers do not indicate these items on the packaging

4.

1) For a short period, sufficiently large changes of the Earth have occurred. The Aral Sea, which was still large in 1995, has decreased several times by 2009. also a high growth rate of cities, this can be seen by the increase in the number of bulbs that glow at night. Increased pollution.

2) Sustainable agriculture is about taking care of the soil. conservation of biological diversity helps the soil retain water, reduces erosion. Healthy soil can be used to grow healthy plants now and for future generations.

3) Sustainable development is the development of farms that help keep the land, water and air in the best condition for the next generation.

5.

1) a – physical, b – wool, c – livestock, d – conservation, e – viticulture, f – subsistence farming, g – labour, h – soil type

2) 1 – e, 2 – g, 3 – b, 4 – h, 5 – d, 6 – f, 7 – c, 8 – a.