Directions: Read the texts below and decide what part of speech in A, B, C or D best fits each gap in the sentences.
Test 56
In 332 BC Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia,
(1) ___ Egypt. In 305 BC Alexander's general Ptolemy
became king of Egypt, and for almost 300 years his (2)
___, the Ptolemies, ruled Egypt. Although Ptolemy was
Macedonian by birth and the Ptolemies remained (3)_
to Greek culture, they were (4)_____ for one of the great
est periods of building and decorating temples in Egypt.
The Ptolemies did so to win (5)__ for their rule from
their Egyptian (6)___. The Ptolemaic dynasty ended when
Cleopatn, queen of Egypt, (7)_____ suicide after the Ro
mans (8)___ her forces at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.
The Roman victory marked the end of ancient Egypt as an
(9) ___ power.
1. A conquered C conquering
B conquer D conquest
2. A descend C descendible
B descending D descendants
3. A ties C tier
B tied D tiring
4. A responsible C responsibility
B responsibly D responsive
5. A accept C acceptance
B accepted D acceptability
6. A subjects C subjacent
B subjective D subjectify
7. A commitment C committing
B committed D committal
8. A defeatism C defeating
B defeat D defeated
9. A depend C independent
B independence D depending
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Test 57
Although the Smithsonian Institution may seem an
American enterprise, its (1)_____ in the bequest of an
Englishman, Smithson, who never even visited the Unit
ed States. In October 1826, James Smithson (2)______ his
will, (3) ____ his vast (4) ___ to his nephew with one
proviso: if the nephew died with no (5)_____, Smithson's
estate was to be given "to the United States of America,,
(6)___ at Washington, under the name of the Smithso
nian Institution, an Establishment for the increase and
(7) ___ of knowledge among men". His nephew died,
heirless, (8)____ than seven years after his uncle.
1. A origins C originality
B original D originally
2. A writing C wrote
B written D writer
3. A left C leave
B leaving D leaves
4. A fortunate C fortune
B fortunated D fortunately
5. A heirloom C heiress
B heirs D heirless
6. A founding C founded
B foundation D to found
7. A diffusion C diffuse
B diffusible D diffusing
8. A little C a little
B least D less
Test 58
A number of individual diamonds have become (1)__,
(2)____ because of their size. The largest of all (3)________
diamonds is the Cullinan, which was discovered in South
Africa in 1905 and was (4)_____ to Edward VII, king of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, by the government of the Transvaal. The Cullinan weighed 3,106 carats before cutting and was pronounced
by crystallographers to be a fragment of a (5)______ larger
stone. When the stone was cut, a total of 105 gems were
produced, (6)___ 1,063 carats in all. The largest of these
was a stone called the Star of Africa, the biggest cut dia
mond in (7) ___, and now set in the British (8) ___
scepter.
1. A famed C famously
B famous D fame
2. A primacy C prime
B primary D primarily
3. A knew C knowing
B known D knowledge
4. A present C presented
B presence D presenting
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5. A considerably C considering
B considerable D considered
6. A weight C weighed
B weigh D weighing
7. A exist C existed
B existing D existence
8. A royally C royalty
B royal D royals
Test 59
(1) ___ to tradition, the first American Thanksgiving
was (2) ____ in 1621 by the English Pilgrims who had
founded the Plymouth Colony. The Pilgrims marked the
(3) ___ by (4) ____ with their Native American guests
who brought gifts of food as a gesture of goodwill. Al
though this event was an important part of American colo
nial history, there is no (5)__ that any of the (6)___
thought of the feast as a thanksgiving celebration. Two years later, during a period of drought, a day of fasting and prayer was changed to one of thanksgiving because
rains came during the prayers. (7)_____ the custom (8)____
among New Englanders to (9)____ celebrate Thanksgiving
after the harvest.
1. A Accordingly C According
B Accordance D Accordant
2. A celebrating C celebration
B celebrated D celebrate
3. A occasion C occasionally
B occasional D occasionalism
4. A feast C festivity
B feasted D feasting
5. A evident C evidence
B evidently D evidenced
6. A participate C participants
B participating D participated
7. A Grade C Graded
B Gradually D Gradual
8. A prevailed C prevailing
B prevalence D prevalent
9. A annual C annualize
B annum D annually
Test 60 |
During an (1)____ 700 years ago, the England's King
Edward I took the 181 kg Stone of Destiny from central
Scotland. According to ancient prophecy, whoever had
(2)____ the stone would have (3)_____ over Scotland. Ac
cording to legend, during coronations, the stone would
make a (4) ____ noise if the person sitting on it was of
royal (5)____, and it would remain (6)_____ if the person
was not of royal family. (7) __ for a brief period of
time, the stone has remained under the coronation (8)____
at Westminster Abbey in London, England, for the last
700 years. (9)____ English and British monarch has been
crowned on the Stone of Destiny since Edward brought it to Westminster Abbey in 1296.
1. A invade C invaded
B invasive D invasion
2. A owning C ownership
B owned D own
3. A powerfully C power
B powerful D powered
4. A groaning C groaningly
B groan D groaned
5. A blooded C bloody
B bloodily D blood
6. A silently C silent
B silence D silencing
7. A Exception C Except
B Excepting D Excepted
8. A seat C seater
B seated D seating
9. A Everyone C Everywhere
B Each D Every
Test 61
The ancient games are athletic contests and other types
of public (1)____ that were a (2)_____ of the religious and
social life of ancient Greece and Rome. The Roman games
(3)___ radically from the Greek games in several respects.
In Greece the people were often (4)____, whereas in Rome
they were mere spectators, and only professional athletes,
slaves, and (5) ____ usually took part. Also, the Greek
games (6)____ for their entertainment (7)_____ chiefly on
(8)____ among athletes, whereas the Roman games were
often characterized by the staging of battles (9)____ to the
death and (10)____ large numbers of human beings and
also beasts.
1. A spectacularly C spectacled
B spectacle D spectacular
2. A featured C feature
B featuring D featureless
3. A differed C differ
B different D difference
4. A participation C parts
B participants D participate
5. A prison C imprisonment
B imprisoned D prisoners
6. A dependence C depended
B depending D dependent
7. A value C values
B valuable D valued
8. A competed C compete
B competition D competing
9 A fighting C fightingly
B fighter D fought
10. A involvement C involved
B involving D involve
Test 62
Cereals are various species of the grass family, (1)____
for their seed, which is used as food. The name is (2)_____
from Ceres, the Roman goddess of grains and agriculture.
Although the cereals do not belong to any (3)____ tribe of
the grasses, the use of particular species as bread plants
seems to have been determined chiefly by the (4)____ size
of the seed or by the (5)__ of obtaining it in (6)___
quantity and of freeing it from its (7)_____ covering. The
most (8) ___ cultivated grains are wheat, barley, rye,
oats, rice, corn or maize. These have all been cultivated
since ancient times. Maize is the only grain that (9)______
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in America; the others were developed in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
1. A cultivation C cultivated
B cultivable D cultivar
2. A derived C derivation
B derivative D deriving
3. A particularly C particularized
B particularity D particular
4. A superiority C superiorly
B superior D super
5. A easy C ease
B easily D easement
6. A suffice ' C sufficiency
B sufficient D sufficiently
7. A edible C eat
B edibly D edibility
8. A extensively C extent
B extensive D extensible
9. A origin C origination
B original D originated
Test 63
Periodic floods (1) __ naturally on many rivers,
forming an area known as the (2) ____ plain. These
river floods often result from heavy rain, sometimes combined with melting snow, which causes the rivers to overflow their banks; a flood that rises and falls rapidly
with little or no (3)__ warning is called a flash flood.
Flash floods are usually caused by (4)______ rainfall over
a (5) ___ small area. Coastal areas occasionally are
flooded by unusually high tides (6) ___ by (7) ____
winds over ocean surfaces, or by tsunamis caused by
undersea earthquakes. Floods not only damage proper
ty and (8) ___ the lives of humans and animals, but
have other (9) ___ as well.
1. A occurred C occur
B occurrence D occurring
2. A flow C flowed
B flood D flooding
3 A advance C advances
B advanced D advancing
4 A intensity C intensify
B intense D intensely
5. A relative C relate
B relativity D relatively
6. A induced C inducement
B induce D inducing
7. A severely C severe
B severity D severing
8. A danger C in danger
B endanger D dangerous
9. A effectiveness C effective
B effects D effectively
Test 64 |
Although several cane-cutting machines have been used
with some (1)____, most of the sugarcane in the world is
(2)___ by hand. The cutting instrument most common-
ly used (3) ____ of a large steel blade 50 cm (4) __________ and
about 13 cm (5)___, (6)____ with a small hook on the
back, and set into a wooden handle. Cane is cut at or near the surface of the ground, stripped of its leaves by the knife hook, and trimmed at the top near the last
(7)___ joint. The cane is then piled in rows along the
ground until picked up by hand or machine, tied in bun
dles, and transported by cart or truck to the sugar facto
ry, where the (8)___ mill extracts the sugar from the cane.
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1. A succeed C success
B successful D succeeding
2. A harvesting C harvested
B harvester D harvest
3. A constituent C constituency
B consists D consisting
4. A length C longer
B lengthen D long
5. A wide C width
B widen D widening
6. A equipment C equipped
B equipping D equips
7. A mature C maturating
B maturate D maturely
8. A grind C ground
B grinding D grindable
Test 65
Quebec has several problems with (1) . Because of its location at the northeast corner of North America,
winds from the southwest carry pollution to the (2)______.
Acid rain has (3) ____ damaged (4) ____ lakes and some
forestlands, with maple trees the hardest hit. About half of
the sulfur compounds that (5)_____ acid rain originate at
power plants and industrial sites in the United States, a
quarter originate in Ontario, and a quarter originate within
Quebec. In (6)____, large parts of the St. Lawrence Riv
er are polluted by fertilizer runoff and toxic industrial dis
charges despite federally (7) ____ regulations to improve
the (8)____ of the water.
1 A pollute C polluting
B polluted D pollution
2. A provincialism C province
B provincial D provincially
3. A seriously C seriousness
B serious D more serious
4. A numerously C numerous
B numerate D numerated
5. A causality C causative
B causally D cause
6. A additional C add
B addition D added
7. A enforced C force
B forcing D enforce
8. A qualitative C qualifying
B quality D qualify
Test 66
A (1)____ lighthouse is a structure from which light
is projected at night, or which serves as a marker by
day, (2) _____ ships (3) ____ in coastal waters. Light
houses are constructed at important points on a coast
line, at (4) _ to harbours and estuaries, on rocky
ledges or reefs, on islands, and even in the water. Light
houses help (5) ____ a ship's location, warn ships of
(6)____ hazards, and (7)_____ them that land is (8)___.
Lighthouses differ from smaller beacons in that a light
house includes (9)____ quarters for a lighthouse keeper.
Today, however, most lighthouses use automatic elec
tric lights that do not (10)__ a full-time resident op
erator.
1. A commonly C commonness
B common D commoner
2. A guided C guidance
B to guide D guideline
3. A sailer C sails
B sailor D sailing
4. A enter C entrances
B entrant D entered
5. A identify C identification
B identifying D identified
6. A potentially C potency
B potential D potent
7. A notifying C notify
B notification D notified
8. A nearer C nearness
B nearly D near
9. A living C alive
B live D life
10. A requirement C required
B require D requiring
Test 67
In 1963 the ZIP (Zoning Improvement Program) code
system was (1)___ to simplify the patterns and (2)____ of
mail (3)____. The ZIP code is a five-digit number used
on the last line of the address (4)____ the name of the city
and state. The first (5)_____, from 0 to 9, stands for one
of the ten main geographical areas into which the United
States and its (6) ____ are (7) ____. The next four digits
mark off (8)___ farther by subdividing the main area; the
first three digits together (9)____ a sectional or metropol
itan area, with the next two numbers (10)____ an (11)____
or branch post office. Use of ZIP codes is (12)_____.
1. A introduced C introduce
B introduction D introducing
2. A procedural C procedures
B procedurality D procedurally
3. A distribution C distribute
B distributor D distributed
4. A follow C followed
B following D follower
5. A digitalization C digital
B digitally D digit
6. A possessive C possessions
B possesses D possess
7. A divide C dividing
B divided D division
8. A local C locally
B localities D localized
9. A represent C representation
B representative D represents
10. A specify C specifying
B specification D species
11. A disassociated C associating
B association D associated
12. A voluntary C volunteer
B voluntarily D voluntarism
Test 68
The first globes were built by ancient Greeks. The
earliest known globe was said to have been (1)_ by
the (2) ____ Crates about 150 BC. An ancient celestial
globe that still (3)_____ was made about 150 AD as part
of a (4)___, called the Farnese Atlas, in the Naples
Museum, Italy. The oldest (5)______ terrestrial globe was
built in Germany, in 1492. This globe does not show
the Americas. As new (6) __ were discovered in the
16th and 17th centuries, globes became more (7) _.
The world's largest globe is the Unisphere, which was
built for the 1964 New York World's Fair. This (8)______
steel globe is 37 m (9) ____ and weighs 408,000 kg,
including its base.
1. A construct C constructing
B constructive D constructed
2. A scholarship C scholar
B scholarly D scholastic
3. A existing C existence
B exists D existed
4. A sculptor C sculpt
B sculpture D sculptural
5. A existing C exists
B existed D existence
6. A land C lands
B landless D landed
7. A accuracy C accurately
B accurate D accuracies
8. A stain C staining
B stained D stainless
9. A cross C crossing
B crossed D across
Test 69
The Louvre, the national art museum of France and
the palace in which it is (1)__, is located in Paris, on
the right bank of the Seine River. The structure, until 1682
a (2) ___ of the kings of France, is one of the largest
palaces in the world. It (3)____ the site of a 13th-century
fortress. The building of the Louvre was begun in 1546.
(4)___ were made to the structure during the (5)______ of
almost every French (6) __. Under Henry IV, in the
early 17th century, the Grande Galerie, now the main
picture gallery, which borders the Seine, was (7)_____. By
the mid-19th century the vast complex was built; (8)_____
more than 19 hectares, it is a masterpiece of architectural design.
1. A house C housed
B home D homeland
2. A residence C resident
B residential D residence
3. A occupies C occupancy
B occupying D occupant
4. A Add C Additions
B Adds D Adding
5. A regal C reigned
B reigns D regale
6. A monarchic C monarch
B monarchal D monarchy
7. A completing C complete
B completion D completed
8. A covering C covered
B cover D coverage
Test 70
Children's games are recreational (1)______ especially
enjoyed by children. Any attempt (2)_____ them is diffi
cult because of their great number and (3)_ — chil
dren enjoy active games as well as passive ones, games
of skill and those of chance, games (4)__ indoors or
outdoors, and games for one child alone or for two or
more. Some games are structured, that is, played ac
cording to formal rules and generally with (5) ____ equip
ment; others are unstructured, "made up" (6) ___ as
the game progresses (and often prefaced with the sug
gestion, "Let's (7) ___ "). Word games and guessing
games — (8) ___ lotto, questions, and charades — are
also popular.
1. A active C activities
B activists D activism
2. A classifying C to classify
B classification D classified
3. A variant C varies
B variety D varying
4. A playing C playable
B play D played
5. A prescribable C prescribed
B prescription D prescribe
6. A spontaneously C spontaneous
B spontaneity D spontaneousness
7. A pretence C to pretend
B pretend D pretending
8. A inclusive C included
B include D including
Test 71
Scarlet fever is an (1)____ disease, caused by bacteria,
which usually enter the body through the nose or mouth; it is
transmitted from person to person by direct contact, that is,
by sprays of droplets from the respiratory tract of an infected
person, or by indirect contact through the use of utensils
previously handled by an infected person. The disease most
commonly (2)___ children between the ages of two and ten
The typical (3)____ symptoms of the disease are head
ache, sore throat, chills, fever, and general malaise. From
two to three days after the first appearance of symptoms, red
spots may appear on the palate; bright red papilla (4)_____
on the tongue, giving it an appearance commonly called strawberry tongue. A characteristic skin eruption appears on the chest and usually spreads over the entire body except the face. The rash fades on pressure. The fever, which frequently runs as high as 40° to 40.6°C, generally lasts only a few days
but may (5)___ to a week or longer. The rash usually fades
in (6)___ a week, and at that time the skin begins to peel.
Scarlet fever may be (7) _____ by other diseases, for
example, by pneumonia. Since the (8) _____ of penicillin,
however, most instances of scarlet fever can be (9) ______
without the (10)____ of permanent after-effects.
1. A infectious C infect
B infection D infected
2. A affection C affects
B affected D affecting
3. A initials C initialize
B initial D initialized
4. A emerged C emerging
B emerge D emergence
5. A extent C extended
B extending D extend
6. A approximately C approximation
B approximate D approximated
7. A complication C complicated
B complicate D complicating
8. A introduce C introduced
B introducing D introduction
9. A cure C curing
B cured D cureless
10. A occurrence C occurred
B occur D occurring
Test 72
The Great Depression in the United States, the worst
and longest (1)____ collapse in the history of the modern
industrial world, lasted from the end of 1929 until the early 1940s. Beginning in the United States, the depression spread to most of the world's industrial countries, which in the
20th century had become economically (2) ______ on one
another. The Great Depression saw rapid declines in the production and sale of goods and a sudden, severe rise in
(3) ___. Businesses and banks closed their doors, people
lost their jobs, homes, and savings, and many depended
on (4)____ to (5)____, In 1933, at the worst point in the
depression, more than 15 million Americans — one-quarter ef the nation's workforce — were unemployed.
The depression was caused by a number of serious
(6)____ in the economy. Although the 1920s appeared on
the surface to be a (7) __ time, income was unevenly
distributed. The wealthy made large profits, but more and
more Americans spent more than they (8)_____, and farm
ers faced low prices and heavy debt. The lingering effects
of World War I caused economic problems in many coun
tries, as Europe struggled to pay war debts and repara
tions. These problems (9)____ to the crisis that began the
Great Depression: the (10)_____ U.S. stock market crash
of 1929, which ruined thousands of investors and destroyed
(11) ___ in the economy. Continuing throughout the
1930s, the depression ended in the United States only when
(12) ____ spending for World War II began.
1. A economize C economically
B economy D economic
2. A depend C dependence
B dependent D dependably
3. A unemployment C employ
B unemployed D employee
4. A charitable C charity
B charitably D charities
5. A survival C survive
B survived D surviving
6. A weaknesses C weaken
B weak D weakly
7. A prosperity C prosperously
B prosperous D prosper
8. A earnings C earning
B earn D earned
9. A contribution C contributed
B contribute D contributing
10. A catastrophic C catastrophically
B catastrophe D catastrophist
11. A confidence C confidential
B confide D confidentially
12. A mass C massively
B massiveness D massive
Test 73
Periodicals are publications released on a (1) __
basis that feature articles, poems, stories, and other types of writing. Many periodicals also (2) __ photographs and drawings. Periodicals that are aimed at a general
audience, such as weekly news roundups, are also called
magazines. Those with a more (3) __ audience, such
as publications of (4) ____ organizations, can be termed
journals.
(5)___, the difference between periodicals and news
papers has been a matter of format, publication sched ule, and content. Most newspapers deal with the news of
the day and are (6)____ daily on pulp paper with relative
ly large, unbound pages. Periodicals focus on more (7)___
material, and when they deal with the news they tend do
so in the form of (8)____ or commentaries. For centurie
periodicals generally (9)____ on finer paper than newspa
pers, with smaller (10)_____ pages, and at intervals long
er than a day (weekly, every two weeks, monthly, quar
terly, or even annually).
In the 1990s, with the (11) ___ of the Internet,
publishers began to release newspapers and periodicals on
line. This development (12) __ the line between the
two forms because the general format of online newspa
pers and periodicals is (13)___, and the publication sched
ule of both forms became more (14)__. For example.
many newspaper publishers update their online versions throughout the day, and some online periodicals do the same Despite these technological changes, the two forms
differing emphasis in choice of content remains a (15)____
factor.
1. A regularity C regularly
B regular D regulate
2. A inclusion C including
B inclusive D include
3. A narrow C narrowing
B narrowed D narrowness
4., A scholarly C scholarship
B scholar D scholastic
5. A History C Historic
B Historically D Historical
6. A issue C issued
B issuance D issuing
7. A specialize C specialized
B specialization D specializing
8. A summarize C summaries
B summarizing D summarized
9. A appear C appearing
B appearance D appeared
10. A bind C binding
B bound D binder
11. A growth C grow
B growing D grown
12. A blur C blurry
B blurring D blurred
13. A similarity C similar
B similarly D similize
14. A flex C flexibility
B flexible D flexibly
15. A distinguish C distinguished
B distinguishing D distinguisher
Test 74
Throughout history, people have been (1)_____ by life
underwater, and the Professional Association of Dive In
structors (2)___ that there are now 6 million active divers
worldwide. They (3)____ in many different types of div
ing, of which wreck, cave, (4) _____, and military diving
are just a few. The most common form of diving is sport
diving, or (5)____ diving, which is practiced at depths of
less than 130 ft. From these depths, divers can make a
(6) ___ ascent to the surface. Diving beyond this limit
requires (7) ____ training.
Because popular dive sites such as coral reefs and wrecks
are (8)___ not near land, most diving is done from boats.
In some locations, however, divers can enter the watei
from shore. On a typical outing, the divers decide before
hand how long they will remain underwater and how (9)__
they will descend. While the divers are underwater, at least one person serves as a spotter by remaining on the boat or on shore. All groups, whether diving from a boat
or from shore, are (10) __ to fly a diver down flag (a
red flag with a white diagonal slash) to alert boaters that people are underwater.
In general, divers seek locations where the water is
clear, the temperatures warm, and the marine life (11)____.
Divers often choose to visit areas with coral reefs because
they are colourful and (12) __ with life, and provide
shelter for many types of fish. The Caribbean is the most
popular (13) ____ in the world. Parts of the region are
designated as marine parks or sanctuaries. Because they are protected from fishing and other human activity, these locations boast abundant aquatic plant and animal life.
Similar protected areas (14) _____ throughout the world,
and the South Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and the Red Sea are common dive destinations.
1. A fascination C fascinated
B fascinating D fascinate
2. A estimating C estimates
B estimation D estimated
3. A engage C engaging
B engagement D engaged
4. A commerce C commercialise
B commercial D commercially
5. A recreation C recreated
B recreate D recreational
6. A straightforward C straightened
B straighten D straight
7. A advance C advancement
B advanced D advancing
8. A typically C typical
B type D typifying
9. A deep C depth
B deeply D deepen
10. A require C requirement
B required D requiring
11. A plenty C plentiful
B plenteously D plentifully
12. A densely C densing
B density D dense
13. A destine C destination
B destined D destiny
14. A exist C existing
B existence D existed
Test 75 |
The Canary Islands or Canaries is the group of is
lands, the (1)____ region of Spain, in the Atlantic Ocean,
off the north-western coast of Africa, (2)____ the provinces
of Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Their capitals
are, (3) ___, Las Palmas on Grand Canary and Santa
Cruz de Tenerife on Tenerife Island; the cities also serve as
dual and (4)____ capitals of the region. The chief islands
of the group, in (5) ____ order of size, are Tenerife,
Fuerteventura, the (6)___ to the African mainland, Grand
Canary, Lanzarote, La Palma, Gomera, and Hierro. In
addition, several barren islets are (7) ______ in the group
The Canary Islands are of volcanic (8)_____ and are noted
for their scenery and mild, dry climate, which makes
them an ideal site for astronomical (9) ____. Precipitation
(10)___ mainly during the winter season. In areas below.
about 400 m elevation, the (11)_____ is typically northern
African; characteristic (12)____ are the date palm, dragon
tree, and cactus. Growing at higher levels are laurels.
holly, myrtle, eucalyptus, pine, and a variety of flower
ing plants. Farming and fishing are the principal indus
tries. The volcanic soil of the Canaries is extremely (13)__.
The islands have no rivers, however, and severe drought.'
are common; (14)_____ irrigation is therefore a (15)_____
in most cultivable areas. Among important crops are bananas, citrus fruits, sugar cane, peaches, figs, wine
grapes, grain, tomatoes, and potatoes. (16)______ products
include textiles and fine (17)____. (18)____ is also impor
tant, and the islands are a (19)__ winter-resort area.
1. A autonomy C autonomic
B autonomist D autonomous
2. A comprise C comprisal
B comprised D comprising
3. A respect C respectively
B respective D respecting
4. A alter C altering
B alternative D alteration
5. A descending C descendant
B descend D descender
6. A near C nearest
B next D nearer
7. A included C inclusion
B inclusive D including
8. A originate C origin
B original D originally
9. A observer C observed
B observation D observational
10. A occurrence C occurred
B occurs D occurring
11. A vegetable C vegetables
B vegetation D vegetate
12. A vary C various
B varied D varieties
13. A fertilizer C fertile
B fertilize D fertilized
14. A artificial C artificially
B artificiality D artificials
15. A necessity C necessaries
B necessary D necessarily
16. A Manufacture C Manufactured
B Manufacturing D Manufacturable
17. A embroider C embroiderer
B embroidered D embroideries
18. A Tourist C Tour
B Tourism D Tourer
19. A fashionable C fashionably
B fashion D fashioner
Part Four WORD-BUILDBNG (2)
Directions: Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the adjectives derived from the nouns in brackets accord-ing to the model.
Model: Latin is the language of (ancientry) ancient Rome and the (neighbour) neighbouring territory of Latium.
| Test 76 j
Latin is the language of (ancientry) _____ Rome and
the (neighbour)____ territory of Latium. With the spread
of Roman power Latin was carried to every part of the known ancient world and became the (dominancy) ___ tongue of western Europe. It was the language of scholarship and diplomacy until the 18th century and of the Roman Catholic liturgy until the late 20th century.
The colloquial speech of (culture) __ Romans ap
peared in the works of (variety) _____ writers, notably in
the comedies of Plautus and Terence, the letters of Cice
ro, the Satires and Epistles of Horace, and the Satyricon of
Petronius Arbiter. It is characterized by freedom of syn
tax, by the presence of (numeration) _ interjections,
and by the (frequency)___ use of Greek words. This (col
loquialism) ___ speech of polite society is not to be con
fused with the language of the (poverty)____ and unedu
cated classes, which shows a greater disregard for syn
tax, a love of new words, and a striving for simplicity,
especially in word order.
Latin was the language of letters in (west)____ Europe
in the Middle Ages. Even for the people in (generaliza-
tion) ___, Latin continued to be a living language, be
cause the church provided a (hugeness)_____ mass of ec
clesiastical literature in both prose and poetry.
The language, however, underwent many (essence)
___ changes.
The syntax was further simplified, new words were adopted from various sources, and new meanings came into existence; nevertheless, Latin changed far less durint this period than did either French or English.
In the 15th and 16th centuries New Latin, also callec Modern Latin, came into being. The writers of the Ren
aissance produced a new and (brilliancy)_____ Latin liter
ature that was closely (imitation) _____ of Latin classica
writers and especially of Cicero. Almost all books of im
portance, (science) ___, (philosophy) ___, and (reli
gion) ___, were written in Latin at this time, including
the works of the (Holland)_____ scholar Desiderius Eras
mus, the English philosopher Francis Bacon,-and the
English physicist Isaac Newton, and Latin was the medi
um of diplomatic intercourse among (Europe) _______ na
tions.
Not until the end of the 17th century did Latin cease
to be an (internationalism)_____ tongue. During the 18th
and 19th centuries, however, it remained the language of
classical school, and even in the 20th century (scholar
ship) __ treatises are sometimes composed in Latin. The
Roman Catholic church still uses Latin as the language of
its (officiahty) ___ documents.
Test 77
The Newfoundland male is about 71 cm (height)_____
at the shoulder and weighs from 64 to 68 kg; the female stands 66 cm high and its weight is from 50 to 54 kg. The
Newfoundland has a (breadth)____, massive head; small,
deeply set, dark-brown eyes; small ears lying (closeness)
___ to the head; a deep chest; a (density) ___ water-
resistant double coat, usually dull black in colour; and a
broad (strength) ___ tail.
The feet are large, strong, and webbed, for traversing marshlands and shores. Powerful swimmers, Newfound_ lands are known to have rescued human beings from drowning and to have carried lifelines from shore to ships in distress. Today they are used primarily as watchdogs and companions, but they were once used to draw carts and
carry burdens. Because of their being (loyalty) _____ (in
telligence)___, and (tractability)___, Newfoundland dogs
are ideal pets.
Directions: Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the adjectives derived from the nouns in brackets according to the model
Model: The epitaph on the tomb of the greatest artist in history summarizes his life (simplicity) simply 'll Divino Michelangelo."
Test 73
The epitaph on the tomb of the greatest artist in histo
ry summarizes his life (simplicity) ____: "II Divino
Michelangelo."
Indeed, Michelangelo Buonarroti was held to be di
vine by his contemporaries — it was the only way to ex-
Dlain his (tremendousness)____ genius. Even though Le
onardo's Mona Lisa arguably ranks as the millennium's most
recognizable painting, Michelangelo's (totality) _ body
of work — his sculptures, paintings, and frescoes — is
unequalled.
Michelangelo's (popularity)____ fame may rest on the
sculpture masterpiece David and the Sistme Chapel ceil
ing, but the Italian artist had a (length) _ and (vari-
ant) ___ career. He was born in 1475 in the village of
Caprese and grew up in Florence, which was the art capital of the early Renaissance. His early success came as a sculptor, but he also excelled at painting, architecture and
even poetry. The (fame) _____ dome on the top of Saint
Peter's Basilica in Vatican City is a Michelangelo design.
Michelangelo seemed to thrive on challenge and diffi
culty in his work. David, perhaps the most famous sculp
ture in the world, was completed using a block of discard
ed marble. The artist spent four years (flatness) ______ on
his back (height)____ on a scaffold in the Sistine Chapel
to complete the masterpiece painting on the ceiling. Although ceiling paintings were usually considered unimportant and were reserved for figures because of their distance from the viewer, Michelangelo produced biblical scenes ol power and subtlety on the chapel ceiling.
Michelangelo's best work offers a combination of de
tail and (exquisiteness) _____ beauty that is unmatched
according to art historians. His attention to the (technique,
___ aspects of human anatomy, especially the male nude
is (brilliancy) ____ and (influence) _____.
The artist's work is also (intellect) _ stimulating
grounded in mythology, religion, and other reference
(Wideness) ___ considered the greatest artist of his owr
time, Michelangelo is still seen as a key to the flowering
of the Renaissance and is the standard against which a!
(subsequence)____ artists are measured.
Test 79
The Internet is the computer-based worldwide infor
mation network. The Internet is composed of a larg.
number of smaller interconnected networks. These net
works may link tens, hundreds, or thousands of comput
ers, enabling them to share information with each other
and to share various resources, such as (power) ______ su-
percomputers and databases of information. The Internet
has made it (possibility)____ for people all over the world
to (effectiveness) ___ and rather (cheapness) _____ com
municate with each other.
Unlike (tradition) ____ broadcasting media, such as
radio and television, the Internet is a decentralized system. Each connected individual can communicate with anyone else on the Internet, can publish ideas, and can sell products.
The Internet has brought new opportunity for businesses to offer goods and services online. In the future, it
may have an (equality)____ dramatic impact on (height)
___ education as more universities offer Internet-based
courses.
In 1989 English computer scientist Timothy Berners-
Lee introduced the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee (ini
tials) ___ designed the WWW to aid communication be
tween physicists who were working in different parts of the
world for the European Laboratory for Particle Physics.
As it grew, however, the WWW revolutionized the use
of the Internet. During the early 1990s (increase) _
large numbers of users who were not part of the scientific
or (academy) ____ communities began to use the Inter
net, due in large part to the ability of the WWW to (easi
ness) ___ handle multimedia documents. One survey
found that there were 61 million Internet users worldwide at the end of 1996, 148 million at the end of 1998, and an
(estimate)___ 320 million in 2000. Analysts estimate that
more than 700 million people will use the Internet in 2001.
Test 80 [
In the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century the
church suffered an (enormity) ____ blow to its authority.
One man was at the heart of that split: German theologian Martin Luther.
Luther, who was born in 1483, succeeded perhaps
because he attacked the (notoriety)____ corruption of the
medieval Catholic Church from the inside. A priest, Luther began questioning some of Catholicism's main tenets after becoming a professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg in 1508.
Although many others had condemned the corruption
of the papacy and the church before, Luther focused his
disputes (direction)____ on certain church doctrines.
(Basis)___ among these was his belief that only God,
not the Catholic Church, could grant redemption from
sin. This conflicted (straightness) _____ with the church's
policy of selling indulgences. The indulgence was a (mon
etarist) ___ payment that promised the soul's release from
punishment after death for sins committed during a per
son's lifetime. It was a (popularity) __ and (success)
___ way for the church to raise money. In 1517 Luther
(publicity) ___ attacked this and other church practices
that had become corrupted in his Disputation on the Power
and Efficacy of Indulgences, (commonality)____ known as
the Ninety-Five Theses.
Thanks to the new printing technology of the time,
Luther's writings were (wideness) _____ distributed, dis
cussed, and debated.
Historians consider his (revolution)____ ideas the sin
gle most important contribution to the Reformation, a
movement that finally shattered Catholicism's 1,200-year
dominance in Europe and gave rise to Protestantism.
Luther's defiance touched off more than a century of
religious warfare and nurtured an (emergency)___ spirit of
nationalism throughout the continent as governments reject
ed the authority of Rome and established their own (nation
ality) ___ churches. In 1534, for example, England's King
Henry VIII passed a law that created an (independence)
___ Church of England, with himself as its head.
Luther was excommunicated in 1521, but he contin-
ued to (violence)____ agitate against the Roman Catholic
Church for the rest of his life. He was also the (principal
ity) ___ figure behind translating the Bible from the ancient
Hebrew and Greek into German; this translation was important in opening religious scholarship to those without training in the ancient languages. Luther died in 1546, but his
(influence) ___ heritage lives on in the religious world.
Protestantism stands beside Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy a