Loggias

The copy of Raphael’s Loggias in Vatican. Loggia is an open-air gallery. In Vatican in was built to a design by the arc Bromante in the beginning of the 16^th century and decorated with frescos by R and his pupils. C-II saw the engravings of R’s frescos and she commissioned several artists to copy his frescos (so-called “R’s Bible”). The artist Unterberger was the head of this group, the gallery – Kvarengi, the same dimensions, as in Vatican. 13 portions, on the walls – scenes from the Bible.

We have mirrors (with golden powder), one is broken. The only difference from the original loggias – Court of arms with the Russian double-headed eagle in the middle of the Loggias.

Galleries are decorated with canvases, painted to imitate fresco-paintings. R’s was free in the technique of “grotesque-painting”.

Michelangelo (Small Italian Studies) – great painter, sculpture, poet of the renaissance. Sculpture – “The crouching boy” 1520^th. It was made to decorate Medici-chapel in Florence. Face of teenager, the back of powerful man. But the artist excluded this figure from the last version of the chapel – in a roughly-finished state, not polished, the sculpture illustrate his skills and manner of carving.

Art-historians speak about not-finished sculptures (“non-finito”). He is a founder of baroque-style.

In the second part of the 19^th century it was bought by the Hermitage (?).

Frescos by R’s pupils – Venice, goddess of love. This frescos used to decorate villa Palarina (his own), later, when this villa became the property of the monastic order, they were sold and acquired by the H. Several subjects – Venice and Cupid, he scratched her breast with an arrow and she felt in love with Adonis, a human hunter.

Small Italian Sky-lighter.

Italian art of the 16^th century. Several trends appeared in Italy of that time.

Three main directions of the art:

- Bolonian academy (academic school)

- Caravaggio and his followers

- Venetian art (colors are the main).

Bolonian academy is the first academy of fine arts in the world. It was founded in 1582. Three artists (brothers Carachi) – the founders, Anibale Carachi was the most famous one. “Three Maries at the tomb of Christ” (Святые жены у гроба Христа) – 1590^th.

The students there studied the art of drawing, perspective, anatomy, they began to use naked modals. They copied paintings by the old masters.

Domenicino, Gvedoreni, Gverchino – the followers of Carachi.

Basic principles they worked out, mostly concerning composition:
- main characters are in the fore-ground
- triangle composition
- everything looks like as a theatrical scene (as if on the stage)
- bright colors

Subjects from Bible and mythology.

(Expulsion the sellers from the temple, the Lust Supper, Agony in the Garden, Judas’ kiss, Crucifixion – the most popular subjects in the paintings).

“Three Maries at the tomb of Christ”. Three women came to the seplica (crypt) with myrrh, they wanted to anoint Christ’s body with it. They saw the seplica was open, the angel was sitting at the tomb and he sad – “Be not afraid, He is not here, He is risen”.

Caravaggio (1573-1610) – “Lute player” (the only picture in Russia) – «Юноша с лютней» 1595. The artist experimented with shade-and-light technique. There is always gradation between shade and light. The figure of a young boy is singled out, skillfully painted still-life. There are the notes in front of this boy, written for a male-voice – before it was found out, historians had doubts about character’s sex.

He lived in Rome, took common people as modals. He had now pupils, but a lot of followers. Caravaggio influenced many of his contemporaries not only in Italy, but also the artists of other European schools.

Genre of still-life (натюрморт) on the fore-ground – innovation. Influenced on Velasquez, on Волонтен – «Изгнание торгующих из храма»

Shade-and-light technique – the main character is singled out by light, while the background is rather dark. Contrast between shade and light (follower – Ribero).

He also introduced genre scene.

The founder of realistic trend. Sometimes he depicted his subjects too natural. Folowers – Lionello Spada – “Touches of the apostle Peter”. For a while it was supposed to be Caravaggio’s painting. Apostle Peter was the first of Christ’s disciples. He was a fisherman, was executed by romans. He was crucified, but upside down.

Venetian school. Here the Renaissance traditions were preserved longer than anywhere else. Paolo Veroneze, was born in Verona (1528-1588). 1555 he moved to Venetia. The paintings by Veroneze are usually multi-figured.

“Lamentation” (in other sky-lighter) – high-light.
“Conversion of Saul” 1550 (west door of Isaac-cathedral; ceiling-paintings in Pavlovsk’s church).

Saul was one of the most fierce persecutors of Christians. Ones he was on his way to Damascus, all of the sudden he saw the bright light from the sky, and this light turned him blind. He was knocked down from his horse, he heard a voice – “Saul, why do you prosecute me”. Saul went to Damascus, he stayed with one of the Christians and got converted into Christianity and then became one of the most ardent follower of Christ, non less then apostle Paul.

Multi-figured composition were his difference from the other artists of Renaissance, the features of baroque-style, that became dominating in the 17^th century, hence it’s a baroque composition – it is full of movements, figures of people and horses cover one another.

The other artist of Venetia – Jacopo Robusti (Tintoretto = “the little brush”) – “The nativity of St John the Baptist” (50^th of the 16^th century). Tintoretto 1518-1594. He was pupil of Titian, the ideal was Michelangelo.

“The nativity” – subject was borrowed from the Bible, but presented as genre-scene. The parents of St John the Baptist were people of advanced age. Father’s name was Zecharia («ЗекАрия»). He was a priest, his wife Elisabeth was pious (obedient) – благочестивая. They didn’t have children. Ones when Zecharia was in the Temple, he was approached by the arc Gabriel, who said, that they were going to have son called John and John would turn to God many people. Z didn’t believe him as his wife was of advanced age – and he was punished for his doubts. He couldn’t utter a word. In less than a year his wife gave burn to a baby. Z wrote a name of John on the wooden board and immediately began to talk.

The biblical subject is treated by the artist as a genre-scene, very colorful.

(we are still in the New-H).