Дэвис, Н

История Европы / Норман Дэвис; пер. с англ. Т.Б. Менской. — М.: ACT: Транзиткнига, 2005. — 943, [1] с: ил., 32 л. ил.

ISBN 5-17-024749-4 (ООО «Издательство ACT»)

ISBN 5-9578-1011-8 (ООО «Транзиткнига»)

Книга английского ученого Нормана Дэвиса «История Европы» охватывает всю историю жизни народов, заселивших огромную территорию от Исландии до Волги. Автор не упустил ни одного из значительных событий от палеолита до распада СССР в 1991 г. Строгое изложение колоссального фактологического материала сопровождается включением в текст неожиданных мнений, забавных и трагических эпизодов, рельефных портретов, оживляющих широкую панораму развития европейского континента. Книга написана живым и доступным языком и будет интересна всем любителям истории.

УДК 63.3(4) ББК 94(4)

© Norman Davies, 1996

© Перевод. Т.Б. Менская, 2004

© ООО Издательство «ACT», 2004

Электронное оглавление

Электронное оглавление.................................................................................... 3

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ................................................................................................. 11

Карта 1. Полуостров около 10000 лет до РХ.............................................................. 12

ОТ АВТОРА........................................................................................................ 13

ОТ ИЗДАТЕЛЕЙ РУССКОЙ ВЕРСИИ......................................................... 16

ЛЕГЕНДА О ЕВРОПЕ...................................................................................... 17

Карта 2. Королева Европа (Regina Europa)................................................................ 19

ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ.................................................................................................. 20

Историография сегодня.................................................................................. 20

Концепции Европы......................................................................................... 24

Европоцентризм............................................................................................... 29

Карта 3. ВОСТОК – ЗАПАД: линия деления Европы................................................. 31

Западная цивилизация.................................................................................................................... 31

Национальные истории................................................................................................................... 39

Две несостоятельные концепции................................................................................................. 42

Союзническая схема истории........................................................................................................ 44

Евроистория......................................................................................................................................... 46

Европейская история....................................................................................................................... 48

I. PENINSULA. Среда обитания и доисторическая эпоха........................................ 49

Карта 4. Европа: физические регионы......................................................................... 50

УКРАИНА.................................................................................................................. 53

ЗАВЕЩАНИЕ....................................................................................................... 53

АЛЬПЫ....................................................................................................................... 55

СЕН-ГОТАРД............................................................................................................. 56

ЗУНД........................................................................................................................... 57

ФАРЕРСКИЕ ОСТРОВА.......................................................................................... 58

DANUVIUS (ДУНАЙ).............................................................................................. 60

СБОР ВИНОГРАДА.................................................................................................. 61

С14................................................................................................................................ 62

СОБИРАТЕЛЬ-ОХОТНИК...................................................................................... 64

ЛОССЕЛЬ................................................................................................................... 64

ТАММУЗ.................................................................................................................... 66

ВИНО.......................................................................................................................... 67

ГЖАНТИЯ (GGANTIJA).......................................................................................... 68

DASA.......................................................................................................................... 68

SAMPHIRE (МОРСКОЙ УКРОП)........................................................................... 71

ТРОН........................................................................................................................... 71

ТОЛЛУНД.................................................................................................................. 72

1628 г. до н.э. Кносс. Крит................................................................................................................ 74

Карта 5. Древнейшие эгейские цивилизации: второе тысячелетие до н.э................................................ 77

II. HELLAS. Древняя Греция.......................................................................... 80

Карта 6. Европа праисторическая............................................................................... 82

ЭКОЛОГИЯ................................................................................................................ 83

NOMISMA.................................................................................................................. 84

ВАРВАРЫ.................................................................................................................. 85

ХЕРСОНЕС................................................................................................................ 85

МАССАЛИЯ.............................................................................................................. 87

ПРЯНОСТИ И БЫК................................................................................................... 88

OMPHALOS (ПУП ЗЕМЛИ).................................................................................... 89

ЭПОС.......................................................................................................................... 90

КАДМ.......................................................................................................................... 92

MOUSIKE................................................................................................................... 93

ЭДИП.......................................................................................................................... 94

SCHOLASTIKOS....................................................................................................... 95

ИСТЕРИЯ................................................................................................................... 96

ЭЛЕКТРОН................................................................................................................. 96

АРХИМЕД.................................................................................................................. 97

АТЛЕТЫ..................................................................................................................... 97

DEMOS..................................................................................................................... 100

МАКЕДОНИЯ.......................................................................................................... 102

ПАПИРУС................................................................................................................ 104

ЧЕРНАЯ АФИНА.................................................................................................... 105

Сиракузы, Сицилия, 1-й год 141-й Олимпиады.................................................................... 105

Карта7. Рим – Сицилия – Карфаген........................................................................... 107

Карта 8.............................................................................................................................. 111

III. ROMA. Древний Рим, 753 г. до н. э. — 337 г. н. э...................................... 112

AUC........................................................................................................................... 113

ЭТРУСКОСТЕРИЯ1................................................................................................ 114

ВИА ЭГНАЦИЯ....................................................................................................... 115

AQUILA.................................................................................................................... 116

АКВИНК................................................................................................................... 118

АРИЦИЯ................................................................................................................... 119

CEDROS.................................................................................................................... 120

САМОС..................................................................................................................... 120

СПАРТАК................................................................................................................. 122

NOMEN..................................................................................................................... 123

ЗАКОН...................................................................................................................... 125

НАДПИСИ............................................................................................................... 127

LUDI.......................................................................................................................... 130

КОНДОМ.................................................................................................................. 132

ИЛЛИРИЯ................................................................................................................ 133

ЛУГДУНУМ............................................................................................................ 134

ПАНТА..................................................................................................................... 136

Христианство.................................................................................................................................... 138

КРЕСТ....................................................................................................................... 138

АПОКАЛИПСИС.................................................................................................... 139

ЦЕЛОМУДРИЕ........................................................................................................ 141

ПАСХА..................................................................................................................... 142

ДЬЯВОЛ.................................................................................................................... 143

КАТАКОМБЫ......................................................................................................... 144

Босфор, 4 ноября 1079 г. от основания Рима........................................................................... 146

Карта 9.............................................................................................................................. 147

IV. ORIGO. Рождение Европы, 330-800 гг. н.э.............................................. 151

Миграция и расселение.................................................................................................................. 152

Карта 10............................................................................................................................ 153

ЧАБА......................................................................................................................... 154

ТРИСТАН................................................................................................................. 157

ФУТАРК................................................................................................................... 159

LIETUVA.................................................................................................................. 160

НИБЕЛУНГИ........................................................................................................... 161

EPIDEMIA................................................................................................................ 163

ХАЗАРЫ................................................................................................................... 164

Империя: от Рима до Византии, 330—867 гг........................................................................... 166

ПАЛЕОГРАФИЯ..................................................................................................... 167

TEICHOS................................................................................................................... 168

ИКОНА..................................................................................................................... 170

ЦЕРЕМОНИАЛ....................................................................................................... 172

Подъем ислама, 622-778 гг............................................................................................................ 173

Текст молитвы на арабском......................................................................................... 175

MEZQUITA............................................................................................................... 176

Христианская церковь в эпоху вселенских соборов, 325-787 гг...................................................... 177

ИНДЕКС................................................................................................................... 178

РУФИН..................................................................................................................... 179

ЗЕВС.......................................................................................................................... 180

БРИТО....................................................................................................................... 181

ANNO DOMINI........................................................................................................ 182

БОМ........................................................................................................................... 183

КАНТУС ПЛАНУС................................................................................................. 184

REVERENTIA........................................................................................................... 185

Распространение христианства, 395-785 гг............................................................................ 186

АЙОНА..................................................................................................................... 188

КОМПОСТЕЛА [САНТЬЯГО-ДЕ-КОМПОСТЕЛА]............................................................ 188

ПРОКАЗА................................................................................................................. 189

БИБЛИЯ.................................................................................................................... 190

Карта 11............................................................................................................................ 193

V. MEDIUM. Средние века, ок. 750-1270 гг................................................... 197

750-1054 гг........................................................................................................................................... 198

Карта 12............................................................................................................................ 198

ДИРХЕМ................................................................................................................... 199

ТИНГ......................................................................................................................... 200

БРИ............................................................................................................................ 201

МАДОННА.............................................................................................................. 202

ПАПЕССА................................................................................................................ 203

АГОБАРД................................................................................................................. 204

ПФАЛЬЦ (РЕЗИДЕНЦИЯ)..................................................................................... 205

КРАЛЬ....................................................................................................................... 206

ЛЛАНФЕА................................................................................................................ 207

АФОН....................................................................................................................... 214

БОГОМИЛЫ............................................................................................................ 215

НОВГОРОД.............................................................................................................. 218

ЭЙРИК...................................................................................................................... 219

MECCA..................................................................................................................... 220

1054-1268 гг........................................................................................................................................ 221

ПРАЗДНИКИ........................................................................................................... 223

ГЕТТО....................................................................................................................... 224

ГАНЗА...................................................................................................................... 225

МАРСТОН................................................................................................................ 227

НРАВЫ..................................................................................................................... 229

СИД........................................................................................................................... 230

КСАТИВА................................................................................................................ 231

ТАЙНО СГОВАРИВАТЬСЯ.................................................................................. 232

ГОТИКА................................................................................................................... 235

ДАНЕБРОГ............................................................................................................... 239

HEJNAL.................................................................................................................... 241

БУДА......................................................................................................................... 241

МУРАНО.................................................................................................................. 243

ПЛУГ......................................................................................................................... 244

Карта 13............................................................................................................................ 246

VI. PESTIS. Христианский мир в кризисе, ок. 1250-1493 гг................................... 251

Карта 14............................................................................................................................ 252

ЦЫГАНЕ (ROMANY)............................................................................................. 253

ЗАДРУГА................................................................................................................. 255

НИКОПОЛЬ............................................................................................................. 256

КАББАЛА................................................................................................................. 258

КОНКЛАВ................................................................................................................ 260

COMPUTATIO (СЧЕТ И УЧЕТ)............................................................................. 262

МАГИЯ..................................................................................................................... 264

ANGELUS................................................................................................................. 265

МОНТЕЛЛУ............................................................................................................. 266

PROSTIBULA (ПРОСТИТУЦИЯ)......................................................................... 268

ALTMARKT (СТАРАЯ ПЛОЩАДЬ)..................................................................... 269

РОСТОВЩИЧЕСТВО............................................................................................. 270

ТАБАРД.................................................................................................................... 271

ОХОТА..................................................................................................................... 274

РЕНТА....................................................................................................................... 275

ГУЛЬФИК................................................................................................................ 277

МИКРОБ................................................................................................................... 280

TEMPUS (ВРЕМЯ, ТЕМП)...................................................................................... 281

MERCANTE (КУПЕЦ)............................................................................................ 286

ПЕЧАТНЫЙ СТАНОК........................................................................................... 288

MATRIMONIO [БРАК]........................................................................................... 289

ВЛАД......................................................................................................................... 290

GONCALVEZ........................................................................................................... 292

DEVIATIO (ДИССИДЕНТСТВО).......................................................................... 293

ГОСУДАРСТВО...................................................................................................... 294

Карта 15............................................................................................................................ 296

VII. RENATIO. Ренессанс и Реформация, ок. 1450-1670 гг.................................... 303

Карта 16............................................................................................................................ 303

БАЛЕТ....................................................................................................................... 304

БИЧЕВАНИЕ........................................................................................................... 306

ЛЕОНАРДО.............................................................................................................. 307

SINGULARIS [ЕДИНСТВЕННОЕ ЧИСЛО].......................................................... 311

GESANG................................................................................................................... 313

Твердыня наша — наш Господь,......................................................................... 313

Канон Таллиса (LM)............................................................................................. 314

ХОЛИЗМ [ЦЕЛОСТНЫЙ ПОДХОД К ЧЕЛОВЕКУ]............................................................ 315

УТОПИЯ................................................................................................................... 316

СИРОП...................................................................................................................... 316

ФАУСТ..................................................................................................................... 318

ИНКВИЗИЦИЯ........................................................................................................ 320

ПРОПАГАНДА....................................................................................................... 321

МЕНОККИО............................................................................................................ 323

ЛЕСБИЯ.................................................................................................................... 327

СИФИЛИС............................................................................................................... 329

ИНФАНТА............................................................................................................... 330

КОРВИН................................................................................................................... 335

ДОЛЛАР................................................................................................................... 337

ORANGE................................................................................................................... 338

АЛХИМИЯ............................................................................................................... 340

ОПЕРА...................................................................................................................... 341

ФЛАМЕНКО............................................................................................................ 341

PICARO..................................................................................................................... 343

ВАЛЬТЕЛИНА......................................................................................................... 344

БАТАВИЯ................................................................................................................. 346

АЛЬКОФРИБАС..................................................................................................... 346

NEZ (HOC)................................................................................................................ 347

TORMENTA (ПЫТКИ)........................................................................................... 348

НОСТРАДАМУС.................................................................................................... 349

БАРД......................................................................................................................... 351

БЛАРНИ................................................................................................................... 352

ТЕРЕМ....................................................................................................................... 358

УСКОКИ................................................................................................................... 358

ЭЛЬ ГРЕКО............................................................................................................... 359

HEXEN (ВЕДЬМЫ)................................................................................................. 361

Карта 17............................................................................................................................ 365

Карта 18............................................................................................................................ 369

VIII. LUMEN. Просвещение и абсолютизм, ок. 1650-1789 гг................................. 370

КАПИТАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЕ СЕЛЬСКОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО........................................................ 373

ШЛЯХТА.................................................................................................................. 374

ПУГАЧЕВ................................................................................................................. 376

СОНАТА................................................................................................................... 378

СТРАДИВАРИ......................................................................................................... 379

ЭРОС......................................................................................................................... 381

ЭЙЛЕР....................................................................................................................... 384

РЫНОК..................................................................................................................... 385

COMENIUS.............................................................................................................. 389

Романтизм — ярлык, которым принято прикрывать множество грехов.................................................. 391

ГУСИНЫЙ ШАГ..................................................................................................... 391

CRAVATE................................................................................................................. 393

ЛЛОЙД...................................................................................................................... 394

ЭЛЬЗАС.................................................................................................................... 397

GROTE MARKT....................................................................................................... 399

КОРСИКА................................................................................................................ 401

ЛЛОЙД...................................................................................................................... 402

МАСОНЫ................................................................................................................. 404

PHILIBEG................................................................................................................. 406

BASERRIA................................................................................................................ 408

ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЕ.................................................................................................. 408

ELDLUFT.................................................................................................................. 410

ШКИПЕРИЯ............................................................................................................. 411

ГРОССЕНМЕЕР....................................................................................................... 414

РУСЬ......................................................................................................................... 418

ПОТЕМКИН............................................................................................................. 419

КАНТАТА................................................................................................................ 421

ВЕЛИКИЙ ПРОЕКТ................................................................................................ 422

Карта 19............................................................................................................................ 427

IX. REVOLUTIO. Буря на Континенте, ок. 1770-1815 гг........................................ 431

Карта 20............................................................................................................................ 432

Прелюдия............................................................................................................................................ 433

ЖАККАРД................................................................................................................ 435

FREUDE (РАДОСТЬ).............................................................................................. 437

«GENUG» («ДОВОЛЬНО»).................................................................................... 438

Революция.......................................................................................................................................... 442

GAUCHE (ЛЕВЫЕ).................................................................................................. 443

VENDEMIAIRE (ВАНДЕМЬЕР)............................................................................ 446

ГИЛЬОТЕН............................................................................................................... 446

NOYADES................................................................................................................ 451

ШУАНЫ................................................................................................................... 451

ROUGE [КРАСНОЕ]............................................................................................... 452

FEMME..................................................................................................................... 456

Революционная война 1792—1815............................................................................................ 457

СТРАСБУРГ............................................................................................................. 458

TOR [БРАНДЕНБУРГСКИЕ ВОРОТА]................................................................ 459

METRYKA................................................................................................................ 461

ГРИЛЛЕНШТЕЙН................................................................................................... 461

СЛАВКОВ................................................................................................................ 463

ФИАЛКИ.................................................................................................................. 464

ИЛЛИРИЯ................................................................................................................ 465

БУБУЛИНА............................................................................................................. 465

КАВКАЗСКАЯ РАСА............................................................................................. 467

GUERRILA (ПАРТИЗАНЫ)................................................................................... 468

NORGE (НОРВЕГИЯ)............................................................................................. 469

HEPTANESOS.......................................................................................................... 470

ТРОФЕИ................................................................................................................... 471

ГАГАУЗЫ................................................................................................................ 472

МИРСКИЙ ЗАМОК................................................................................................ 473

МАЛЕ........................................................................................................................ 473

ХРАМ ХРИСТА СПАСИТЕЛЯ.............................................................................. 474

Карта 21............................................................................................................................ 476

Карта 22............................................................................................................................ 481

X. DYNAMO. Мировой двигатель, 1815-1914 гг.......................................... 483

БЕНЦ......................................................................................................................... 488

ФОТО........................................................................................................................ 489

МОВЕИН.................................................................................................................. 491

ДЖИНСЫ................................................................................................................. 492

САНИТАРИЯ........................................................................................................... 493

БЛАГОТВОРИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ.................................................................................. 494

ПАРНАС................................................................................................................... 498

ДОСУГ...................................................................................................................... 498

ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ............................................................................................................. 502

ОБЕЗЬЯНА............................................................................................................... 503

БЕРНАДЕТТА.......................................................................................................... 506

СИЛЛАБУС.............................................................................................................. 507

ПРАДО...................................................................................................................... 510

ГОТА......................................................................................................................... 511

АБХАЗИЯ................................................................................................................. 517

КАЛЕВАЛА.............................................................................................................. 518

ШАМАН................................................................................................................... 518

ЛЕОПАРД (GATTOPARDO).................................................................................. 522

АРМИНИЙ............................................................................................................... 523

ГЕНЫ........................................................................................................................ 526

ГОЛОД...................................................................................................................... 527

Социализм............................................................................................................................. 529

Европейское еврейство...................................................................................................... 534

ПОГРОМ.................................................................................................................. 535

Антисемитизм....................................................................................................................... 537

Европейский империализм............................................................................................... 538

ВЕНСКОЕ ЕВРЕЙСТВО......................................................................................... 538

БОКСЕРЫ................................................................................................................. 540

ЧЕРНОБЫЛЬ........................................................................................................... 542

Модернизм............................................................................................................................ 542

Е=МС2....................................................................................................................... 543

ЗВУК......................................................................................................................... 543

БЕЗРАССУДСТВО.................................................................................................. 544

Декадентство........................................................................................................................ 545

ДЕТИ......................................................................................................................... 546

ТУР ДЕ ФРАНС....................................................................................................... 547

Международные отношения............................................................................................ 548

IMPRESSION........................................................................................................... 548

КОМБРЕ................................................................................................................... 549

НОБЕЛЬ.................................................................................................................... 552

ЭЙЛЕНБУРГ............................................................................................................ 554

КОНОПИШТЕ......................................................................................................... 555

Карта 23............................................................................................................................ 558

XI. TENEBRAE. Затмение в Европе, 1914-1945 гг....................................... 569

Карта 24............................................................................................................................ 569

Первая мировая война в Европе, 1914-1921........................................................................... 571

ЛАНГЕМАРК........................................................................................................... 573

ДУОМОН................................................................................................................. 573

ПЕТРОГРАД............................................................................................................ 574

ФЛОРА..................................................................................................................... 575

ГЕНОЦИД................................................................................................................ 576

ТРУС......................................................................................................................... 577

ЛИЛИ........................................................................................................................ 577

ФАТИМА................................................................................................................. 580

СОВКИНО................................................................................................................ 582

НЕНАВИСТЬ........................................................................................................... 583

ЛЫЧАКОВ............................................................................................................... 585

ШЛЕЗВИГ................................................................................................................. 587

БНР............................................................................................................................ 589

КОНАРМИЯ............................................................................................................ 592

Период между войнами.................................................................................................................. 593

Карта 25. The New Europe, 1917-1922........................................................................ 595

СОЦИАЛИСТЫ....................................................................................................... 595

ЭСТОНИЯ................................................................................................................ 598

БЕСПЛОДНАЯ ЗЕМЛЯ.......................................................................................... 604

"АННАЛЫ".............................................................................................................. 605

ТОН........................................................................................................................... 606

ВОРКУТА................................................................................................................. 610

ЖАТВА..................................................................................................................... 611

СМЕРТЬ.................................................................................................................... 613

ЗЛОЙ ДУХ................................................................................................................ 614

САРАЕВО................................................................................................................. 621

ADELANTE [ВПЕРЕД]............................................................................................ 622

ФАРАОН.................................................................................................................. 624

«Коллективная безопасность»......................................................................................... 624

ХОССБАХ................................................................................................................ 626

СУСАНИН............................................................................................................... 630

Вторая мировая война в Европе, 1939-1945 гг.67.................................................................... 632

Карта 26. Европа во время Второй мировой войны, 1939-1945 г........................................................... 633

Германо-советское партнерство (сентябрь 1939 — июнь 1941 гг.)............................................................. 634

КАТЫНЬ................................................................................................................... 636

ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЙ ВАЛЮТНЫЙ СОЮЗ................................................................ 638

МОЛДОВА............................................................................................................... 640

ЧЕРНОВЦЫ............................................................................................................. 641

Господство нацистов в Европе (июнь 1941— июль 1943 гг.).................................................................... 641

СМОЛЕНСК............................................................................................................. 642

ЛАТВИЯ................................................................................................................... 643

RESPONSA............................................................................................................... 645

БАТАЛЬОН -101...................................................................................................... 647

ТЭЗЕ.......................................................................................................................... 647

ОСВЕНЦИМ (АУШВИЦ)...................................................................................... 649

ОКСФОРДСКИЙ КОМИТЕТ................................................................................. 651

БУЧАЧ...................................................................................................................... 654

ДЁНХОФФ............................................................................................................... 661

ПРОТАСКИВАНИЕ ПОД КИЛЕМ, КИЛЕВАНИЕ.............................................. 661

Пятница, 19 октября 1945 г., Нюрнберг128............................................................................... 663

Карта 27............................................................................................................................ 665

Карта 28............................................................................................................................ 669

XII. DIVISA ET INDIVISA. Европа разделенная и нераздельная, 1945- 1991 гг 670

Конец Великого альянса, 1945-1948 гг..................................................................................... 670

Западная Европа, 1945-1985 гг.................................................................................................... 677

Нейтральные государства............................................................................................................. 690

Восточная Европа, 1945-1985 гг.................................................................................................. 692

СССР: избранные показатели производства............................................................ 696

Отношения Востока и Запада: «Холодная война» в Европе, 1948-1989 гг..................................... 705

Интеграция и дезинтеграция, 1985-1991 гг............................................................................. 710

Карта 29............................................................................................................................ 719

14 февраля 1992 г., Саммертаун...................................................................................... 719

ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ............................................................................................... 724

Глава 1........................................................................................................................................ 729

Глава 2........................................................................................................................................ 730

Глава 3........................................................................................................................................ 731

Глава 4........................................................................................................................................ 732

Глава 5........................................................................................................................................ 734

Глава 6........................................................................................................................................ 735

Глава 7........................................................................................................................................ 737

Глава 8........................................................................................................................................ 739

Глава 9........................................................................................................................................ 741

Глава 10..................................................................................................................................... 743

Глава 11..................................................................................................................................... 748

Глава 12..................................................................................................................................... 755

Сокращения в картах..................................................................................... 758

СПИСОК КАПСУЛ........................................................................................ 759

Список сокращений в тексте......................................................................... 764

ЗАМЕТКИ К ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИЯМ............................................................... 765

Часть 1........................................................................................................................................ 765

Часть 2........................................................................................................................................ 767

ИМЕННОЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ.............................................................................. 770

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Б.................................................................................................................................................... 772

В................................................................................................................................................... 776

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Л.................................................................................................................................................... 790

M................................................................................................................................................... 792

H................................................................................................................................................... 797

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Т.................................................................................................................................................... 806

У.................................................................................................................................................... 807

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X.................................................................................................................................................... 810

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Э.................................................................................................................................................... 812

Ю.................................................................................................................................................. 813

Я.................................................................................................................................................... 814

ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ.......................................................... 815

Иллюстрации.................................................................................................... 848

1. Прогулка Европы....................................................................................................... 848

2. Собиратели и охотники............................................................................................ 848

3. Рыбак минойской эпохи........................................................................................... 849

4. Кноссский принц........................................................................................................ 849

5. Пир.................................................................................................................................. 850

6. Этрускерия................................................................................................................... 850

7. Аркадская идиллия.................................................................................................... 851

8. Похищение сабинянок.............................................................................................. 851

9. Смерть Зигфрида........................................................................................................ 852

10. Аттила захватывает Рим, 452............................................................................... 852

11. Православие.............................................................................................................. 852

12. Западное монашество............................................................................................ 853

13. Подношения Константину.................................................................................... 853

14. Славянское литургия.............................................................................................. 854

15. Католическое благочестие................................................................................... 854

16. Св. Августин.............................................................................................................. 855

17. Св. Карл Великий..................................................................................................... 855

18. Св. Матфей................................................................................................................. 856

19. Св. Иоанн Креститель и блаж. Иероним........................................................... 856

20. Божья Матерь........................................................................................................... 857

21. Св. Иоанн Богослов диктует Евангелие Прохору.......................................... 857

22. Св. Лука-иконописец............................................................................................... 857

23. Богородица................................................................................................................ 858

24. Приношение Отгона III.......................................................................................... 858

25. Завоевание Англии.................................................................................................. 859

26. Северный крестовый поход.................................................................................. 859

27. Перемирие в Реконквисте....................................................................................... 859

28. Последняя песнь Тристана.................................................................................... 860

29. Железный плуг.......................................................................................................... 860

30. Охота на оленя......................................................................................................... 860

31. Влюбленный Данте................................................................................................. 861

32. Раздумье Бартоломеи............................................................................................. 861

33. Св. Франциск благословляет птиц...................................................................... 862

34. Король Казимир принимает евреев.................................................................... 862

35. Picaro............................................................................................................