2015-05-26
2354
widespread ['waidspred] д широко congestion [kan'dsestfn] n застой
распространенный congestive [ksn'cfeesuv] а застойный
danger ['demcfea] n опасность headache ['hedeik] n головная боль
dangerous а опасный moist [moist] а сырой, влажный
drug [drAg] n лекарство moisten ['moisn] v увлажнять
aggravate ['aegraveit] v ухудшать(ся)
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст В (10 мин.). 1) Разделите его на смысловые
части. 2) Найдите и переведите глаголы-сказуемые во временах группы \\
Continuous в действительном и страдательном залоге. ■,!
Text В
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v>"
Tobacco and its Effects
Tobacco smoking is.probably the most widespread and dangerous"
drug usage. The cigarette consumption has generally been subject to
certain factors. For example, the greatest increases in smoking have
occurred during wars.,1 < ', <ji
The main reason for this periodic increase was that the population in ^
general experienced increased tension. Another reason for this increase
during wartime was that young soldiers were being introduced to smok
ing as a tension reliever. ^; /?J Ь
Despite public information campaigns on the subject, too few smokers realize the degree and extent of damage to their bodies associated with cigarette smoking.
Minor ailments directly related to sntoking compete with the common cold1 as major causes of the time lost from work and studies.
Recently, studies of large groups of people have shown that cigarette
smokers are more likely to die of certain cardiovascular diseases than
nonnsmokers. A cause and effect association has theoretically been es-
^tdblished between cigarette smoking and incidence of coronary attacks
in humans, especially men between 35 and 55 years of age. The risk of
death in male cigarette smokers in relation to non-smokers is greater in
middle age than in old age. Smoking is being increasingly linked to the
development of respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis and emphysema,
Air pollution and respiratory infections as well as smoking cause and
aggravate chronic bronchitis and emphysema. v > * \м (.
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<S *s i J
У
Lesson 17 <► 187
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0; I \Normal lung tissue Emphysema llpk^
Fig. 15. Alveoli in normal lung tissue and emphysema. A
Smokers are not only polluting their own air with their cigarettei but are subjecting non-smokers, who make up three quarters of the population, to nearly the same health risk. Subjected to the effects of side-stream smoke, non-smokers may breathe in many of the toxic chemicals of the cigarette from the environment they are in and are, in fact, «passively smoking». «Side-stream smoke» produced from the burning end of the cigarette contains very high concentrations of toxic chemicals which are usually ^perceived as unpleasant by both smokers and
non-smokers., PO'I/ :^j-^^mq,0:> K -u ^^.••u^.- '.•'
Allergic reaction to smoke is common. Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema or ischemic heart disease sufferers $03fiene8 reactions to passive smoking that range from mild nasal congestion and eye irritation to headache, dermatitis and even a few life-threatening asthmatic attacks. People with advanced respiratory and cardiac breath literally
light for life. /f\ti/ ' ^"6;j/^; ti,/3QSmd
Tobacco contains more than hundred known chemical compounds
including nicotine. Some of the substances found in tobacco remain in
the ashels of a burned cigarette; others are greatly changed during the
burning process. (Moreover, additional compounds are being produced
during combustion, and it is some of these materials that are of great
concern to scientists and physicians^ The composition of the cigarette
smoke that enters the human body has been the primary aim of most
analytical studies. * (л^о>..с- >.,<*r <u< > t.
Nicotine and at least 15 othet.compounds found in cigarette smoke
are known to be cancerogeris - cancer-causing substances. When a
person inhales cigarette smoke, the smoke is passing down the trachea
(windpipe) to the branchial tubes and into the lungs. Autopsies of
hundreds of human lungs have shown that it is precisely in these areas
of maximum, exposure that precancerous changed are most likely to
appear.. "" -^uiw' 'Jb[l L \\^гил 6 •■•<•'-
Thus there are some relationships between smoking, lung cancer, and many other respiratory conditions. Furthermore, cigarette smoke is itself an irritant. Heavy smokers feel this irritation in their throats and will be developing «smoker's cough» after a few years of smoking.
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188 О Learning to Understand a Medical Text
Notes
1. common cold простуда
Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их.
1. The cigarette consumption has been subject to certain factors. 2. Few smokers realize the degree of damage to their bodies associated with cigarette smoking. 3. Allergic reaction to smoke is common. 4. Ta-bacco contains hundred chemical compounds. 5. Cigarette smoke is an irritant.
Упражнение З. Используя нижеприведенные слова и предыдущее упражнение в качестве плана, изложите основное содержание текста В.
for example, despite, recently, in fact, moreover, at least, to be likely, also, thus, furthermore
