Mutation -перегласовка

Mutation is the change of one vowel to another through the influence of a vowel in the succeeding syllable. 2 types: i-Umlaut mutation (palatal mutation) and Back mutation (guttural)-гортанный.

1) i-Umlaut - under its influence vowel moves ahead or narrowed.

æ – e sætjan – settan, a-e talu – tellan, o-e ofost – efstan, ō –ē dōm – dēma n, u - y fullian - fyllan, u - y cuþ- cŷþþan. Changes in diphthongs: ea – ie, ea долг – ie долг, eo – ie, eo долг – ie долг.

Back mutation – U-Umlaut it is caused by back vowels (a, o, u). In Wessex dialect take place only before consonants r, l, p, f, m. a-ea saru – searu, i- io hira – hioru, e-eo herot – heorot. The words which begin with wi – mutation occurred without dependence from the subsequent concordant: widu – wiodu

U-umlaut was optiona(facultative) and i-umlaut was the main (системообразующ).

Development of monophthongs

The PG short [a] and the long [a:], which had arisen in West and North Germanic, underwent similar alterations in Early OE: they were fronted, and in the process of fronting, they split into several sounds. The principal regular direction of the change – [a] > [æ] and [a:] > [æ:] – is often referred to as the fronting or palatalisation of [a, a:]. The other directions can be interpreted as positional deviations or restrictions to this trend: short [a] could change to [o] or [ā] and long [a:] became [o:] before a nasal; the preservation of the short [a] was caused by a back vowel in the next syllable.

Development of diphthongs

The PG diphthongs – [ei, ai, iu, eu, au] – underwent regular independent changes in Early OE; they took place in all phonetic conditions irrespective of environment. The diphthongs with the i -glide were monophthongised into [i:] and [a:], respectively; the diphthongs in –u were reflected as long diphthongs [io:], [eo:] and [ea:].

Вопрос 25 The OE consonant

The consonants were subdivided:

1. On a way/mode of an articulation: constrictives -смычные and fricatives-щелевые andSonants

2By place of an articulation: labial-губной, guttural(velar) заднеяз-е, dental consonants.

3. On a lenght all consonants shared:

short (simple) t and long (geminate -геминаты) tt- удвоенные.

Consctictives– shared as voiced –звонкие(b,d,g) и voiceless (p,t,k). Смычные: простые: /t/ - /d/; /p/- /b/; /k/ - /g/; /k’/- /g’/ геминаты: /t:/ - /d:/; /p:/ - /b:/; /k:/ - /g:/; /k’:/ - /g’:/

Fricatives voiced (v, th, z) fīf /f/– ofer /v/, sæt, hus /s/ – risan /z/, þeof, wearþ /Ø/ - weorþan /ð/. voiceless [f, Ө, x, s] and voiced [v, ð, γ, z]. Заднеязычные щелевые –h / H – X’/ - habban, nitht. /w/ /j/ /r/ /l/ /m/ / nhave paired geminate. Исторически геминаты употреблялись только интервокально.