2015-05-24
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Притягательная сила экзистенциальной терапии обусловлена тем, что она твердо укоренена в онтологическом фундаменте, в глубочайших структурах человеческого существования. Она привлекает и тем, что имеет гуманистическую основу и, единственная среди терапевтических парадигм, полностью вмещает интенсивно личностную природу терапевтического предприятия. Кроме того, пространство экзистенциальной парадигмы является очень широким: оно принимает в себя и ассимилирует инсайты многих философов, художников и терапевтов, касающиеся мучительных и целительных последствий конфронтации с конечными факторами.
Однако это не более чем парадигма, то есть психологический конструкт, оправдываемый в конечном счете только своей клинической полезностью. Как и любой другой конструкт, он в конце концов уступит место другим конструктам, обладающим большей объяснительной силой. Каждая клиническая парадигма, если только какой-нибудь официальный институт не высек ее на камне раньше, чем она созрела, органична: выдвигая новую точку зрения, она позволяет четко описать некоторые смутные прежде факты. В свою очередь, эти новые данные модифицируют исходную парадигму. Я рассматриваю данную экзистенциальную парадигму как раннюю теорию, основанную на клинических наблюдениях, вынужденно ограниченных в своем источнике, спектре и количестве. Я надеюсь, что эта парадигма окажется органичной, то есть что она не только будет полезна клиницистам в своей нынешней форме, но послужит стимулом для дискурса, необходимого для того, чтобы модифицировать и обогатить ее.
Примечания
К главе 1
1. J. Breuer and S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II in The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Slgmund Freud, 24 vols., ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press. 1955, originally published 1895), pp. 135—83.
2. Ibid., p. 158.
3. В. Spinoza, cited by M. de Unamuno, The Tragic Sense of Life, trans. J. E. Flitch (New York: Dover, 1954), p. 6.
4. A. Freud, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (New York. International Universities Press, 1946).
5. H. Sullivan, The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry (New York: W W Norton, 1953).
6. O. Rank, Will Therapy and Truth and Reality (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1954), p. 121.
7. A. Malraux, cited in P. Lomas, True and False Experience (New York: Taplinger, 1973), p. 8.
8. Т. Hardy, “In Tenebris”, Collected Poems of Thomas Hardy (New York: Macmillan, 1926), p. 154.
9. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. III (New York: Macrnillan and Free Press, 1967), p. 147.
10. S. Kierkegaard, “How Johannes Climacus Became an Author,” in A Kierkegaard Anthology. ed. R. Bretall (Princeton, N..J.: Princeton University Press, 1946), p. 193.
11. Ibid.
12. W. Barrett, What Is Existentialism? (New York: Grove Press, 1954), p 21.
13. L. Binswanger, “Existential Analysis and Psychotherapy”, in Progress in Psychotherapy, eds. F. Fromm-Reichman and J. Moreno (New York. Grune & Stratton, 1956), p. 196.
14. R May, E. Angel, and H Ellenberger, Existence (New York: Basic Books, 1958), pp. 3—35.
15. A. Sutich, American Association of Humanistic Psychology: Progress Report 1962, cited in J. Bugental, “The Third Force in Psychology”, Journal of Humanistic Psychology (1964) 4:19—26.
16. J. Bugental, “The Third Force”.
17. F. Perls, Gestalt Therapy Verbatim (New York: Bantam, 1971), p. 1.
18. S. Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, vol. IV in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1953; originally published 1900), p. 263.
19. Т. Wilder, cited in Reader’s Digest (January 1978), p. 133.
20. V. Frankl, oral communication, 1974.
21. May, Angel, and Ellenberger, Existence, p. 11.
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23. M. Lieberman, I. Yalom, and M. Miles, Encounter Groups: First Facts (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
24. Ibid., p. 99.
25. Personal communication, 1978.
К главе 2
1. A. Meyer, cited by J. Frank, oral communication, 1979.
2. Cicero, cited in M. Montaigne, The Complete Essays of Montaigne, trans. Donald Frame (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1965), p. 56.
3. Seneca, cited in Montaigne, Complete Essays, p. 61.
4. St. Augustine, cited in Montaigne, Complete Essays, p. 63.
5. Manilius, cited in Montaigne, Complete Essays, p. 65.
6. Montaigne, Complete Essays, p. 67.
7. M. Heidegger, Being and Time (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), pp. 210—24.
8. Ibid., passim.
9. К. Jaspers, cited in J. Choron, Death and Western Thought (New York: Collier Books 1963), p. 226.
10. S. Freud, “Thoughts for the Times on War and Death”, vol. XIV in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1957; originally published 1915), p. 291.
11. Ibid., p. 290.
12. J. Giraudoux, cited in The Meaning of Death, ed. H. Feifel (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965), p. 124.
13. Montaigne, Complete Essays, p. 67.
14. L. Tolstoy, War and Peace (New York: Modern Library, 1931), p. 57.
15. L. Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych and Other Stories (New York: Signet Classics, 1960).
16. D. Rosen, “Suicide Survivors,” Western Journal of Medicine (April 1975) 122:289—94.
17. A. Schmitt, Dialogue with Death (Harrisonburg, Va.: Choice Books, 1976), pp. 55—58.
18. R. Noyes, “Attitude Changes Following Near-Death Experiences”, Psychiatry, in press.
19. A. Hussain and S. Tozman, “Psychiatry and Death Row”, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (1978) 39 (3): 183—88.
20. R. Neuberger, cited in J. Frank in “Nuclear Death—The Challenge of Ethical Religion”, The Ethical Platform (29 April 1962).
21. D. Spiegel, J. Blum, and I. Yalom, Peer Support for Metastatic Cancer Patients: A Randomized Prospective Outcome Study, in preparation.
22. К. Chandler, “Three Processes of Dying and the Behavioral Effects”, Journal of Consulting Psychology (1965) 29:296—301; D. Cappon, “The Dying”, Psychiatric Quarterly (1959) 33:466—89; A. Weisman and T. Hackett, “Predilection to Death”, Psychosomatic Medicine (1961) 23:232—56; and E. Kubler-Ross, On Death and Dying (New York: Macmillan, 1969).
23. К. Weers, manuscript in preparation.
24. Schmitt, Dialogue with Death, p. 54.
25. R. Lifton, “The Sense of Immortality: On Death and the Continuity of Life”, Explorations in Psychohistory, eds. R. Lifton and E. Olson (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974), pp. 271—288.
26. J. Diggory and D. Rothman, “Values Destroyed by Death”, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (1961) 63(1): 205—10.
27. J. Choron, Modern Man and Mortality (New York: Macmillan, 1964), p. 44.
28. R. Kastenbaum and R. Aisenberg, Psychology of Death (New York: Springer, 1972), p. 44.
29. S. Kierkegaard, The Concept of Dread (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1957), p. 55.
30. R. May, The Meaning of Anxiety, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), p. 207.
31. S. Freud, “Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety”, vol. XX in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1959; originally published 1926), p. 166.
32. Kierkegaard, Concept of Dread, p. 55.
33. May, Meaning of Anxiety, p. 207.
34. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 223.
35. A. Sharp, A Green Tree in Geddes (New York. Walker, 1968).
36. R. Skoog, cited in J. Meyer, Death and Neurosis (New York: International Universities Press, 1975), p. 47.
37. E. Strauss, cited in. E. Weigert, “Loneliness and Trust—Basic Factors of Human Existence”, Psychiatry (1960) 23:121—30.
38. W. Schwidder, cited in J. Meyer, Death and Neurosis (New York: International Universities Press, 1975), p. 54.
39. H. Lazarus and J. Kostan, “Psychogenic Hyperventilation and Death Anxiety”, Psychosomatics (1969) 10:14—22.
40. D. Friedman, “Death Anxiety and the Primal Scene”, Psychoanalytic Review (1961) 48:108—18.
41. V. Kral, “Psychiatric Observations under Severe Chronic Stress”, American Journal of Psychiatry (1951) 108:185—92.
42. Ibid., J. Meyer, Death and Neurosis, p. 58; and A. Heveroch, cited in J. Meyer, Death and Neurosis, p. 58.
43. M. Roth, “The Phobic Anxiety-Depersonalization Syndrome and Some General Aetiological Problems in Psychiatry”, Journal of Neuropsychiatry (1959) 1:293—306.
44. R. Kastenbaum and R. Aisenberg, Psychology of Death.
45. D. Lester, “Experimental and Correlational Studies of Fear of Death”, Psychological Bulletin (1967) 64(1): 27—36; and D. Templer and C. Ruff, “Death Anxiety Scale Means, Standard Deviations, and Embedding”, Psychological Reports (1971) 29:173—174.
46. P. Livingston and C. Zimet, “Death Anxiety, Authoritarianism and Choice of Speciality in Medical Students”, Journal of Neurological and Mental Disorders (1965) 140:222—230.
47. W. Swenson, “Attitudes toward Death in an Aged Population”, Journal of Gerontology (1961) 16(l): 49—52; D. Martin and L. Wrightsman, “The Relationship between Religious Behavior and Concern about Death,” Journal of Social Psychology (1865) 65:317—23; and D. Templer, “Death Anxiety in Religiously Very Involved Persons”, Psychological Reports (1972) 31:361—367.
48. N. Iammarino, “Relationship between Death Anxiety and Demographic Variables”, Psychological Reports (1975) 37:262.
49. Iammarino, “Death Anxiety and Demographic Variables”; Swenson, “Attitudes toward Death”; A. Christ, “Attitudes toward Death among a Group of Acute Geriatric Psychiatric Patients”, Journal of Gerontology (1961) 16(1)156—59; and P. Rhudick and A. Dibner, “Age, Personality, and Health Correlates of Death Concerns in Normal Aged Individuals”, Journal of Gerontology (1961) 16(l):44—49.
50. M. Lieberman and A. Coplan, “Distance from Death as a Variable in the Study of Aging”, Developmental Psychology (1970) 2:71—84.
51. M. Means, “Fears of One Thousand College Women”, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (1936) 31:291—311.
52. W. Middleton, “Some Reactions toward Death among College Students”, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (1936) 3:165—173.
53. Templer and Ruff, “Death Anxiety Scale Means”; Iammarino, “Death Anxiety and Demographic Variables”; and D. Templer, C. Ruff, and C. Franks, “Death Anxiety; Age, Sex, and Parental Resemblance in Disease Populations”, Developmental Psychology (1971) 4:108.
54. P. Thauberger, “The Avoidance of Ontological Confrontation”, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Saskatchewan, 1974.
55. C. Stacey and К. Markin, “The Attitudes of College Students and Penitentiary Inmates toward Death and a Future Life”, Psychiatric Quarterly, supplement (1952) 26:27—32.
56. D. Templer, “Death Anxiety as Related to Depression and Health of Retired Persons,” Journal of Gerontology, (1971) 26:521—523.
57. Swenson, “Attitudes toward Death”; J. Munnichs, Old Age and Finitude (Basel and New York: Karger, 1966); and S. Shrut, “Attitude toward Old Age to Death”, Mental Hygiene (1958) 42:259—263.
58. Munnichs, Old Age and Finitude; A. Christ, “Attitude toward Death among a Group of Acute Geriatric Psychiatric Patients”, Journal of Gerontology (1961) 16:56—59; and Kastenbaum and Aisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 83.
59. Kastenbaum and Aisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 107
60. C. Stacy and M. Reichers, “Attitudes toward Death and Future Life among Normal and Subnormal Adolescent Girls”, Exceptional Children (1959) 20:259—262.
61. A. Maurer, “Adolescent Attitudes toward Death”, Journal of Genetic Psychology (1964) 105:79—80.
62. H. Feifel and A. Branscomb, “Who’s Afraid of Death?” Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1973) 81(3):282—88; and H. Feifel and L. Herman, “Fear of Death in the Mentally III”, Psychological Reports (1973) 33:931—938.
63. Feifel and Branscomb, “Who’s Afraid of Death?”
64. W. Meissner, “Affective Response to Psychoanalytic Death Symbols”, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (1958) 56:295—299.
65. К.G. Magni, “Reactions to Death Stimuli among Theology Students”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion (Fall 1970) 9(3):247—48.
66. Kastenberg and Aisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 95.
67. Rhudick and Dibner, “Age, Personality, and Health Correlates”.
68. Shrut, “Attitude toward Old Age”.
69. Swenson, “Attitudes toward Death”.
70. Templer, “Death Anxiety”.
71. N. Kogan and R. Shelton, “Beliefs about ‘Old People”, Journal of Genetic Psychology (1962) 100:93—111.
72. M. Kramer, С. Winget, and R. Whitman, “A City Dreams: A Survey Approach to Normative Dream Content”, American Journal of Psychiatry (1971) 127:86—92.
73. H. Cason, “The Nightmare Dream”, Psychology Monographs (1935) 209:46.
74. M. Feldman and M. Hersen, “Attitudes toward Death in Nightmare Subjects”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1967) 72:421—425; and D. Lester, “The Fear of Death of Those Who Have Nightmares”, Journal of Psychology (1968) 69:245—47.
75. P. Handal and J. Rychlak, “Curvilinearity between Dream Content and Death Anxiety and the Relationship of Death Anxiety to Repression-Sensitivity”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1971) 77:11—16.
76. W. Bromberg and P. Schilder, “The Attitudes of Psychoneurotics toward Death”, Psychoanalyltic Review (1936) 23:1—28.
77. С. Parks, “The First Year of Bereavement,” Psychiatry (1970) 33:444—67.
78. The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels, trans. A. Heidel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946), pp. 63, 64.
79. A. Witt, personal communication, September 1978.
80. Personal communication from a friend.
81. Freud, “Thoughts for the Times”, vol. XIV, Standard Edition, p. 298.
82. J. Breuer and S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1955; originally published in 1895).
83. Ibid., p. 9.
84. Ibid., p. 7.
85. Ibid., p. xxxi.
86. Ibid., p. 14.
87. Ibid., p. 34.
88. Ibid., p. 117.
89. Ibid., p. 63.
90. Ibid., p. 131.
91. Ibid., p. 137.
92. Ibid., p. 157.
93. S. Freud, Origins of Psychoanalysis, ed. by M. Bonaparte, A. Freud, and E. Kris (New York: Basic Books, 1954).
94. S. Freud, “Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety”, vol. XX, Standard Edition, p. 166.
95. A. Compton, “Psychoanalytic Theories of Anxiety,” Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association (1972) 20(2):341—94.
96. S. Freud, Studies on Hysteria, vol. II, in Standard Edition, (London: Hogarth Press, 1955; originally published 1895), p. 33.
97. Ibid., p. 40.
98. Freud, “Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety”, vol. XX, Standard Edition, p. 130.
99. M. Klein, “A Contribution of the Theory of Anxiety and Guilt”, International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1948) 29:114—23.
100. O. Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of the Psychoneuroses (New York: Norton, 1945).
101. R. Waelder, Basic Theory of Psychoanalysis (New York: International Universities Press, 1960).
102. R. Greenson, The Technique and Practice of Psychoanalysis (New York: International Universities Press, 1967).
103. S. Freud, The Ego and the Id. vol. XIX, Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1961; originally published in 1923), p. 57.
104. Ibid., p. 58ff.
105. S. Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, vol. XVIII in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1955; originally published 1920), pp. 1—64.
106. Freud, “Thoughts for the Times”, vol. XIV, Standard Edition, p. 299.
107. E. Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, vol. I (New York: Basic Books, 1953), p. 40.
108. Ibid., p. 41.
109. Ibid., p. 45.
110. N. Brown, Life Against Death (New York: Vintage Books, 1959).
111. S. Freud, “Thoughts for the Times”, vol. XIV in Standard Edition, pp. 273—300.
112. S. Freud, “The Theme of Three Caskets”, vol. XII in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1966; originally published 1913), pp. 289—302.
113. E. Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, vols. I, II, III (New York: Basic Books, 1953,1955,1957).
114. I. Stone, Passions of the Mind (New York: Doubleday, 1971).
115. For example, J. Wortis, Fragments of an Analysis with Freud (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954).
116. For example, S. Freud, Origins of Psychoanalysis, eds. M. Bonaparte, A. Freud, and E. Kris (New York: Basic Books, 1954); H. Abraham and E. Freud, eds., A Psycho-Analytic Dialogue: The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham 1907—1926, trans. B. Marsa and C. Abraham (New York: Basic Books; London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1965); E. Freud and H. Meng, eds., Psycho-Analysis and Faith: The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Oskar Pfister, trans. E. Mosbacher (New York: Basic Books; London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1963); and E. Pfeiffer, ed., Sigmund Freud and Lou Andreas-Salome: Letters, trans. William and Elaine Robson-Scott (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1972.)
117. Jones, vol. I, p. 4.
118. Ibid., p. 20.
119. Ibid.
120. Ibid., p. xii.
121. Ibid., p. 78.
122. Freud, Origins of Psychoanalysis, p. 217.
123. Ibid., p. 129.
К главе 3
1. S. Anthony, The Discovery of Death in Childhood and After (New York: Basic Books, 1972).
2. E. Becker, The Denial of Death (New York: Free Press, 1973), p. 36.
3. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 155.
4. Ibid., pp. 155—56.
5. Ibid., p. 157.
6. F. Moellenkoff, “Ideas of Children about Death”, Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic (1939)3:148—56.
7. E. Erikson, Childhood and Society (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963).
8. Anthony, Discovery of Death, pp. 78ff.
9. R. Kastenbaum & R. Aisenberg, Psychology of Death (New York: Springer, 1972), p. 9.
10. S. Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, vol. IV in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1964; originally published 1900), pp. 254—55.
11. R. Lapouse and M. Monk, “Fears and Worries in a Representative Sample of Children”, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (1959) 29:803—18.
12. S. Harrison, С. Davenport, and J. McDermott, “Children’s Reactions to Bereavement,” Archives of General Psychiatry (1967) 17:593—97.
13. Anthony, Discovery of Death: M. Nagy, “The Child’s View of Death”, Journal of Genetic Psychology, (1948) 73:3—27; P. Schilder & D. Wechsler, “The Attitudes of Children toward Death,” Journal of Genetic Psychology (1934) 45:406—51; G. Koocher, “Talking with Children about Death”, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (1974) 44:404—11; M. Macintire, C. Angle, and L. Struempler, “The Concept of Death in Mid-Western Children and Youth”, American Journal of Disease of Children (1972) 123:527—32.
14. Nagy, “Child’s View of Death”.
15. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 47—77.
16. Schilder and Wechsler, “Attitudes of Children”.
17. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 158.
18. E. Furman, A Child’s Parent Dies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 5.
19. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 255.
20. J. Sully, cited in Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 269.
21. J. Piaget, cited in Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 56.
22. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 59.
23. Kastenbaum and Aisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 9.
24. Kastenbaum and Aisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 12f.
25. S. Brant, cited in Kastenbaum and Aisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 14.
26. Kastenbaum and Aisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 14.
27. G. Rochlin., Griefs and Discontents: The Focus of Change (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), p. 67.
28. G. Rochlin, “How Younger Children View Death and Themselves”, in Explaining Death to Children”, ed. E. Grollman (New York: Beacon Press, 1967).
29. M. Scheler, cited in J. Choron, Death and Western Thought (New York: Collier Books, 1963), p. 17.
30. Rochlin, “How Younger Children”, p. 56.
31. Ibid., pp. 84—85.
32. M. Klein, “A Contribution to the Theory of Anxiety and Guilt”, International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1948) 29:114—23.
33. К. Eissler, The Psychiatrist and the Dying Patient (New York: International Universities Press, 1959), pp. 57—58.
34. A. Freud, “Discussion of John Bowlby’s Paper”, Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (1960) 15:53—62.
35. Furman, A Child’s Parent Dies, p. 51.
36. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 139.
37. Ibid., pp. 157—58.
38. A. Maurer, “Maturation of Concepts of Death”, British Journal of Medical Psychology (1964) 39:35—41.
39. M. Stern, “Pavor Nocturnis,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1951) 32:302.
40. R. White, “Motivation Reconsidered: The Concept of Competence”, Psychological Review (1959) 66:297—333.
41. Maurer, “Maturation”.
42. Kastenbaum and Aisenberg, Psychology of Death, p. 29.
43. Maurer, “Maturation”.
44. MacIntire, Angle, and Struempler, “The Concept of Death”.
45. I. Alexander and A. Adierstein, “Affective Responses to the Concept of Death in a Population of Children and Early Adolescents”, Journal of Genetic Psychology (1958) 93:167—77.
46. Nagy, “Child’s View of Death”.
47. S. Hostler, “The Development of the Child’s Concept of Death,” in The Child and Death, ed. O. J. Sahler (St. Louis, Mo.: C. V. Mosby, 1978), p. 9.
48. E. Jaques, “Death and the Mid-Life Crisis”, International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1968) 46:502—13.
49. J. Masserman, The Practice of Dynamic Psychiatry (Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders, 1955), p. 467.
50. V. Frankl, oral communication, 1974.
51. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 154.
52. Ibid., p. 155.
53. Schilder and Wechsler, “Attitudes of Children”.
54. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 155.
55. Ibid., p. 257.
56. Schilder and Wechsler, “Attitudes of Children”.
57. Nagy, “Child’s View of Death”.
58. Koocher, “Talking with Children”.
59. I. Opie, The Love and Language of School Children (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959).
60. Maurer, “Maturation”.
61. J. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss, vol. II: Separation (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
62. A. Jersild and F. Holmes, Children’s Fears (New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1935); and A. Jersild, “Studies of Children’s Fears,” in Child Behavior and Development, eds., R. Barker, J. Kounin, and H, Wright (New York, London: McGraw-Hill, 1943).
63. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss, pp. 105—18.
64. R. May, The Meaning of Anxiety (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977) pp. 105—9.
65. Ibid., pp. 107—8
66. Klein, “A Contribution”; and D. Winnicott, The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment (New Yolk: International Universities Press, 1965), p. 41.
67. A. Freud, “Discussion”.
68. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 161.
69. С. Wahl, “The Fear of Death”, in The Meaning of Death, ed. H. Feifel (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), pp. 214—23.
70. S. Freud, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis, vol. XXIII, in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1964; originally published 1940), p. 185.
71. S. Rosenzweig, and D. Bray, “Sibling Death in Anamneses of Schizophrenic Patients,” Psychoanalytic Review (1942) 49:71—92; and S. Rosenzweig, “Sibling Death as a Psychological Experience with Special Reference to Schizophrenia,” Psychoanalytic Review (1943) 30:177—86.
72. Rosensweig, “Sibling Death”.
73. Ibid.
74. H. Searles, “Schizophrenia and the Inevitability of Death”, Psychiatric Quarterly (1961) 35:631—55.
75. J. Hilgard, M. Newman, and F. Fisk, “Strength of Adult Ego Following Childhood Bereavement”, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (1960) 30:788—98.
76. Furman, A Child’s Parent Dies; Bowlby, Attachment and Loss; R. Furman, “Death and the Young Child”, Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (1964) 29:321—33; and R. Zeligs, Children’s Experience with Death (Springfield, III.: C. C. Thomas, 1974), pp. 1—49.
77. Maurer, “Maturation”.
78. Macintire, Angle, and Struempler, “The Concept of Death”; F. Brown, “Depression and Childhood Bereavement”, Journal of Mental Science (1961) 107:754—77; 1. Gregory, “Studies in Parental Deprivation in Psychiatric Patients”, American Journal of Psychiatry (1958) 115:432—42; G. Pollack, “Childhood Parent and Sibling Loss in Adult Patients”, Archives of General Psychiatry (October 1962) 7:295—305; and H. Barry and E. Lindeman, “Critical Ages for Maternal Bereavement in Psychoneuroses”, Psychosomatic Medicine (1960) 22:166—81.
79. J. Hilgard and M. Newman, “Evidence for Functional Genesis in Mental Illness: Schizophrenia, Depressive Psychoses and Psychoneurosis”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1961) 132:3—6.
80. M. Breckenridge and E. Vincent, Child Development, ed. W. B. Saunders, 4th ed. (Philadelphia, Pa.: W. B. Saunders 1960), p. 138.
81. E. Kubler-Ross, address at Stanford Medical School, May 1978.
82. S. Ferenezi, cited in Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 157.
83. Anthony, Discovery of Death, p. 159.
84. J. Bruner, cited in H. Galen, “A Matter of Life and Death”, Young Children (August 1972) 27:351—56.
85. Galen, “A Matter of Life”.
86. Rochlin, “How Younger Children”, p. 63.
К главе 4
1. S. Kierkegaard, cited in E. Becker, The Denial of Death (New York: Free Press, 1973), p. 70.
2. O. Rank, Will Therapy and Truth and Reality (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945), p. 126.
3. P. Tillich, The Courage to Be (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1952), p. 66.
4. Becker, Denial of Death, p. 66.
5. R. Lifton, “The Sense of Immortality: On Death and the Continuity of Life,” in Explorations of Psychohistory, eds. R. Lifton and E. Olson (New York: Simon & Schueter, 1974), p. 282
6. L. Loesser and T. Bry, “The Role of Death Fears in the Etiology of Phobic Anxiety”, International Journal of Group Psychotherapy (1960) 10:287—97.
7. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 124.
8. E. Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1941), p. 6.
9. L. Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych and Other Stories (New York: Signet Classics 1960) pp. 131—32.
10. R. Frost, In the Clearing (New York; Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1962), p. 39.
11. N. Kazantzakis, Report to Greco, trans. P. A. Bien (New York: Simon & Schuster 1965), p. 457.
12. N. Kazantzakis, The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel, trans. Kimon Friar (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1958).
13. С. Baker, Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story (New York: Charles Scribner, 1969), p. 5.
14. E. Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea (New York: Charles Scribner, 1961).
15. С. Wahl, “Suicide as a Magical Act”, Bulletin of Menninger Clinic, (May 1957) 21:91—98.
16. F. Kluckholm and F. Stroedbeck, Variations in Value Orientations (New York: Harper & Row, 1961), p. 15.
17. J. M. Keynes, cited in Norman Brown, Life Against Death (New York: Vintage Books, 1959), p. 107.
18. L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina (New York: Modern Library, 1950), p. 168.
19. H. Feifel, Taboo Topics, ed. Norman Forberow (New York: Atherton Press, 1963), p. 15.
20. Rank, Wilt Therapy, p. 130.
21. H. Ibsen, cited in Rank, Will Therapy, p. 131.
22. S. Freud, Some Character Types Met with in Psychoanalytic Work, vol. XIV in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1957; originally published in 1916), pp. 316—31.
23. Rank, Will Therapy, p. 119.
